The Duke is talking to Antonio. Portia’s voice, still calm, cuts through the silence. . ACT 4. He says that it was bad luck that Antonio fell into the clutches of such an enemy who doesn’t even have an ounce of mercy. Here, silence is the most powerful kind of eloquence, One can hardly imagine his next-to-the-last line, “I am content,” uttered in any other way than in almost a’ whisper. This matter is too weighty for one man to render a single opinion on; therefore, Shylock’s demand for judgment will have to wait, and he will have to cease his demand — or else the duke “may dismiss this court.”, Bassanio meanwhile tries to cheer up Antonio, vowing that he himself shall give Shylock his own life in place of Antonio’s “ere [Antonio] shalt loose for me one drop of blood.” Antonio, however, is without hope. Venice. ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions. Here, the answer is explained in a crispy and light way using simple points so that you can grasp easily. Portia then asks for a surgeon lest Antonio bleed to death. Original Text Act IV Scene I. Shylock is called then, and when he enters, the duke says that everyone — “the world thinks, and I think so too” — thinks that he should relent at the last moment and spare Antonio, taking “pity on his losses.” But Shylock is adamant; he prefers the penalty of a pound of flesh to repayment of three thousand ducats. This admission is important, since it figures later in Portia’s plea, in her powerful “quality of mercy” speech. Merchant of Venice: Novel Summary: Act 4 Scene 1 This is the scene where Shylock is to take his forfeiture from Antonio. Antonio tells Bassanio that he is wasting his time. … I cannot find it; ’tis not in the bond.” Clearly, Portia is leading Shylock slowly into a trap which he has prepared for himself with his reply to her plea for mercy, “My deeds upon my head! At this point, the situation is a potentially tragic one, and once more Shakespeare needs to remind his audience that this play is not, finally, tragic. Although he professes to stand on the letter of the law, Shylock reveals quite clearly that his real motive has nothing to do with right or wrong, justice or injustice, but with his desire to destroy another human being — a Christian who has publicly scorned and spit upon him. He “crave[s] the law” and “the penalty and forfeit of [his] bond.” He does not care that Bassanio has offered him “thrice the sum” of the bond or even “ten times o’er”; Shylock demands the penalty. Seeing that he would lose, Shylock says that he should be given thrice the sum and the Christian must be allowed to go. Quietly, Shylock agrees to the settlement: “I am content,” he says, and asks permission to leave the court. This engaging and informative lesson enables students to make clear, detailed and well-informed interpretations of Act IV Scene I of The Merchant of Venice. Shylock replies that he had done nothing wrong. Shylock is called in. He cannot be denied as it will be against the law and it should be followed. Summary of Merchant of Venice Act 4, Scene 1 ICSE Class 10, 9 English. Themes and Colors Key LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Merchant of Venice, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work. The duke welcomes young Balthasar, who is, of course, Portia “dressed like a Doctor of Laws.” Portia acknowledges that she is familiar with this case and its “strange nature,” and she is equally acquainted with the integrity of Venetian law. When Portia orders Antonio to “lay bare your bosom,” Shylock is able to quote from the bond; “So says the bond. Portia decides otherwise. But he is given little to say in comment upon the judgment passed upon him. We now reach the dramatic high point of the play. uncapable of pity … [and] void … of mercy.” Antonio declares that he is ready to suffer quietly. Bassanio then tries to reason with Shylock’— but without success. He, an alien Jew, in a Christian community that has spurned him, has triumphed over prejudice and has won in a Venetian court because of the binding integrity of Venetian law. Thus he says that he is now willing to take Bassanio’s offer of three times the amount of the bond. The Merchant of Venice Act 4 Scene 1 Summary Workbook Answers The Merchant of Venice Act 4 Scene 1 Summary. Shylock realizes that he has been foiled. . This The letter said that Balthasar was well acquited with the case and must be relied upon. Workbook Answers/ Solutions of The Merchant of Venice, Act 2 Scene 4: In this post, we will provide complete information about the popular play “Merchant of Venice” Act 2 Scene 4. Since this is the central scene of the play and since it turns on our interpretation of Shylock, it follows that the way we see Shylock here determines the way we see the whole play. Through Shylock’s extreme behavior, Shakespeare dramatizes the way in which the laws of justice and property on which society is based can be, without charity and mercy and humanity, as ferocious as the law of any jungle. Shylock enters the court and the Duke tells him that all of the men gathered there expect him to pardon Antonio and forgive the debt. That is, Shylock may not take even a single “jot of blood.” She then gives Shylock leave to begin his surgery, warning him that if “one drop of Christian blood” is shed, Shylock’s “lands and goods” will be confiscated by “the state of Venice.”. He is almost struck dumb; “Is that the law?” is all he can ask. Bassanio then offers Shylock twice the amount. Portia sees that the case was very much in favour of Shylock and thus she asks him to have mercy. But law, when it is not tempered with mercy, is, as Shakespeare vividly s’nov/s us, both inhuman and destructive. This’will be even more striking at the moment of his defeat. He wants it only because of “a lodged hate and a certain loathing” for Antonio. It is freely bestowed to temper justice, and those who grant mercy ennoble themselves, especially those people who have the power to dispense punishment and yet award mercy instead. Tension increases further when Nerissa (as the law clerk) is announced, and she presents the letter from Bellario to the duke. 5 3 customer reviews. This explains her surprisingly legal coldness; Portia knows exactly what she is doing. When Shylock says, “the pound of flesh … is dearly: bought, is mine, and I will have it,” he is not speaking of “rights” anymore; he is demanding his enemy’s blood. Shylock is left stripped of his daughter, his property, and his religion. Year Published: 1597 Language: English Country of Origin: England Source: Shakespeare, W. (1597).The Merchant of Venice.New York: Sully and Kleinteich. He answers that hp agreed to the bond. The Merchant of Venice | Act 4, Scene 1 | Summary Share. Shylock asks for his principal amount of three thousand ducats but even that is denied to him by Portia. Read our modern English translation of this scene. If that happened, all his property will be confiscated. This is all, and “if the Jew do cut but deep enough,” death will come quickly. Bassanio asks him whether men kill all the things that they don’t love. The Duke informs the court that Bellario is not able to come and has instead sent another colleague, Balthasar. The last item one might note about Act IV, Scene 1 is the continuance of the subplot of Portia’s ring. That seems a harsh judgment; at times, it is difficult to see Shylock as anything but a figure of pathos. Filed Under: ICSE Tagged With: answers of merchant of venice workbook, figures of speech used in merchant of venice, ICSE Merchant of Venice Questions and Answers Pdf, merchant of venice questions and answers pdf, merchant of venice short Summary, merchant of venice workbook answers act 1 scene 2, Merchant of Venice Workbook Answers pdf summary of merchant of venice, Merchant of Venice Workbook Questions and Answers, ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, figures of speech used in merchant of venice, ICSE Merchant of Venice Questions and Answers Pdf, merchant of venice questions and answers pdf, merchant of venice workbook answers act 1 scene 2, Merchant of Venice Workbook Answers pdf summary of merchant of venice, Merchant of Venice Workbook Questions and Answers, Concise Mathematics Class 10 ICSE Solutions, Concise Chemistry Class 10 ICSE Solutions, Concise Mathematics Class 9 ICSE Solutions, Plus Two Accountancy Previous Year Question Paper Say 2018, Christmas Essay | Short Essay on Christmas for Students and Children, Graphical Method Of Solving Linear Equations In Two Variables, Solving A Quadratic Equation By Factoring, Explain Refraction Of Light Through A Glass Slab, How do you find the Surface Area of a Sphere and a Hemisphere, Sum Of The First n Terms Of An Arithmetic Progression, Pair Of Linear Equations In Two Variables. “Say,” says Shylock, “it is my humor.” In other words, Shylock wants the pound of flesh for no rational reason. The audience knows that this doctor is actually the person as this "mad wife." Merchant of Venice- Act 1 Scene 2 This scene comes after Antonio and his friends have been introduced. However, he grants half his estate to Antonio and half to the state. Both Portia and Nerissa — the Doctor of Law and her clerk of law — comment on this; they doubt that the wives of these loyal friends would “give little thanks” for that offer. Bassanio is reluctant to give away the ring and seeing that, Portia acts as if offended and leaves. He is an intensely sympathetic figure here, alone in his solitude, surrounded on all sides by his enemies. While the doctor claims that only a mad woman would be upset about giving a ring to the man who saved Bassanio's best friend, Portia is actually testing Bassanio's fidelity. What he can have is a pound of flesh, no less and no more, and no drop of Antonio’s blood should be shed. Antonio is brought before the Duke and the magnificoes of Venice to stand trial for failing to pay off his obligation to Shylock. He then turns to Antonio and tells him that early the next morning they will “fly toward Belmont.”. He is unable to provide … Shylock is legally entitled to take a pound of Antonio’s flesh — but no more. He tells Bassanio to “live still, and write mine [Antonio’s] epitaph.”. The Duke tries to warn him that how would he hope for mercy when he is showing none. The Duke was about to adjourn the court as he wanted to wait for learned doctor of law, Bellario, to arrive. It depicts the victory of … He has been defeated — he, a Jew — in a Venetian, Christian court of law, and as part of his punishment, he has had to agree to become a Christian. The trial scene is known as denouement of the play because it is in this scene that all the complicated events that seem to threaten the happiness of Bassanio, Portia and Antonio are unravelled. Here, the whole answer is being described point wise so that all the students can remember easily. The “judge” and the “clerk” agree that the wives of these two gentlemen would not be happy to hear their husbands exchange such avowals of ready sacrifice of lives for one another. By asking Shylock to show mercy toward Antonio, the duke provides Shylock with a final opportunity to restate his position and, dramatically, Shakespeare prolongs the suspense of whether or not Shylock will actually demand Antonio’s life. The Duke of Venice himself calls Shylock “an inhuman wretch, / Uncapable of pity,” and Antonio characterizes himself as lost — “no lawful means” can save him. This, then, rather than the legal quibbles, is what is important in this scene. Portia asks if he could be given money. All of this is necessary for the total effect of the play; this is why Shakespeare wisely makes Portia delay final pronouncements and then ingeniously begin to reveal new interpretations of absolute justice. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of The Merchant of Venice and what it means. Antonio's friends and even the Duke beg him to have mercy, Shylock says he will not grant mercy for the simple reason that he hates Antonio. Portia enters dressed as a doctor of law. He therefore demands an immediate judgment confirming this right. She asks Antonio if his bond is a valid one, and he admits that it is. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The scene is of a court in Venice. In the introductory speeches by the duke and Antonio, we are reminded of the antithetical positions of the two adversaries. Gratiano gets agitated and hurls many insults at him but Shylock is still unmoved. Gratiano also makes such a statement and Nerissa is also quick to show contempt. As Bassanio prepares to pay him, Portia stops Bassanio. The turning point of this act and of the play occurs at line 304: “Tarry a little; there is something else.” Obviously, Shylock has come toward Antonio and now stands with his knife raised to strike, while the group on stage stands transfixed. The Merchant of Venice Translation Act 4, Scene 1 Also check out our detailed summary & analysis of this scene Check out our summary & analysis of this scene Unlock with A + Unlock with LitCharts A + Original. After Shylock’s exit, the play, which has, at times, come near to tragedy, and which has had, because of Shylock, an element of pathos, reverts completely to the tone of a romantic comedy. As an avenger of past wrongs by Antonio, Shylock gained some sympathy from the audience; now, whetting his knife and anticipating with relish the moment when he will be able to use it, he becomes a butcher and loses that sympathy. The main objective Shakespeare has fulfilled in this scene is exposition of plot and characters. Translation. Shylock says, "I cannot find it. He is honest in his vices; they are hypocrites in their virtues.” On this point, we ought to recall three things.^ First, for the Elizabethan audience, Shylock was not just a “characterization”; he was the “villain” of a romantic comedy, and as such, he has to be punished. The trial scene of ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is the most famous and powerful scene of the play in the whole of English dramas. ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions. Shakespeare is manipulating, with genius, the sympathy of the audience. Shylock is an arresting presence and although Antonio may be the character for whom the novel is named, it is Shylock who has come to dominate our focus. The Court Hearing Starts. He knows that he will not have mercy on him. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Thus she proceeds with methodical legality — until the last moment, when she says, understatedly, “Tarry a little; there is something else,” words which will reverse the whole situation. Antonio was ready to suffer. Bassanio tries to pay them the ducats that they had but Portia rejects the offer. Send the deed after me, / And I will sign it.” This is a masterstroke of simple, understated pathos. The duke then asks Shylock a question: “How shalt thou hope for mercy, rendering none?” In reply, Shylock cites the mistreatment of many Venetian slaves by the Venetians themselves, justified by the fact that they bought the slaves and can treat them as they please; likewise, the pound of flesh which he has “dearly bought” belongs to him, and he can do with it as he pleases. In this scene, the matter of the “bond” reaches its crisis and its resolution: Shylock is defeated, Antonio is saved, and the lovers are free to return to Belmont; thus, Shakespeare gives us the happy ending which a romantic comedy requires. The doctor is ill, but he has sent in his place “a young doctor of Rome,” named Balthasar, whose wisdom in the law belies his youth. Shylock demands fulfillment of the letter of their contract, and Antonio believes it is pointless to argue or try to reason with Shylock. He says that it was bad luck that Antonio fell into the clutches of such an enemy who doesn’t even have an ounce of mercy. The Duke pardons him to make him see the difference in their thinking of his. At the court of law in Venice, the Duke, Antonio, Bassanio, Salerio, Graziano, and various notable personages are gathered for Antonio's trial. Read Act 4, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, side-by-side with a translation into Modern English. Sympathy surrounds Antonio, but dramatic sympathy is also structured around the solitary figure of Shylock. Shylock is stunned and Gratiano starts praising Portia. However, he cannot let a drop of Christian blood spill, for if he did so, then by the laws of Venice his lands would be confiscated. The ring was given to him by Portia and Bassanio had promised that he would never part with it. He was absolutely certain that his trust in the law was inviolate. In Shakespeare’s romantic comedies, the protagonists live happily ever after, and more often than not, the play ends with the tolling of wedding bells, with more than one couple getting married to create a joyful atmosphere. Antonio replies that he knows how much the Duke and others have tried to save his life but the Jew is adamant about his revenge. Nerissa disguised as a clerk gives a letter to the Duke and Shylock is seen sharpening his knife. Created: Oct 11, 2018 | Updated: Oct 20, 2018. Antonio pleads with his friend; surely the lawyer deserves the ring. Impatient to proceed, Shylock makes ready to begin, but before he can carry out the sentence, Portia stops him. Antonio persuades Bassanio that they must be rewarded for their help. Bassanio pales; she can ask for anything, he says, but ask not for his ring. [like] the gentle rain from heaven”; mercy is “twice blest; / It blesseth him that gives and him that takes.” She continues and says that mercy is an attribute of God. Shylock says that even six times the amount would not satisfy him. Portia asks if the balance to weight the flesh was ready. Her question “Do you confess the bond?” emphasizes once more that no avenue of escape is possible for Antonio. She asks if thrice the money would suffice but Shylock says that he had taken an oath and would not break it. She tells Shylock that mercy was the greatest thing that he could have at such a time. The law goes on to condemn him, reversing his position so completely that he himself is threatened with death. Shylock is devastated. The Duke then asks Antonio to reward them. Both Bassanio and Gratiano assure Antonio that they would sacrifice everything they have — even their wives — to save him. However, Shylock replies that he has already informed the court what he wants and according to the law, he should not be denied. There is no denying that the rule of law is necessary. Love and hate are thematically opposed in this play, and since Shylock is slowly revealed to be the embodiment of hate, there is a satisfying kind of justice in his riches going to a pair of lovers. Antonio tells Bassanio to stop arguing for his cause as he was in a quarrel with a Jew. Thus the judgment was imposed, quite literally, for the good of Shylock’s soul. Structured Questions from Act 4 Scene 1 of the Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare. It is an almost melodramatic touch, giving Shylock’s inhumanity powerful, visible form. Next. Thus, Antonio’s bond is legal, and Shylock can collect the pound of flesh. Thus she, like Shylock, decides to stand on the absolute letter of Venetian law: Shylock may indeed claim “a pound of flesh, to be by him cut off / Nearest the merchant’s heart.” She can declare this, knowing full well that Shylock’s knife will never touch Antonio. Merchant of Venice Act 4 Scene 1 Critical Commentary. The law that he believed to be so solid crumbles before him, and he realizes that his case is now absolutely, irrevocably reversed. When Portia is brought on in disguise, Shakespeare sustains the tension still longer by having her question the legality of the bond — Antonio may not have agreed formally or he may have agreed to another set of conditions. SCENE 1. She then tells him that Shylock must be merciful. Portia announces that in that case the must be allowed to take a pound of flesh off Antonio’s chest as the terms of the bond claimed. 1 Educator answer. The Duke tells Shylock to have some mercy, otherwise it would be Antonio’s last hour. We tend to agree with the nineteenth-century writer Hazlitt, who wrote that “certainly our sympathies are oftener with him than with his enemies. He curses Shylock and hopes that he lives to get old enough to see poverty. He further asks the court to give the judgement. In each case, his answers are themselves unanswerable; he “stands upon the law”; the law is a creation of those who are now asking him to break it. He makes some more statements and then Bassanio calls him an unfeeling man. Moreover, he is asking what is lawfully his and the Duke must award him accordingly. Workbook Answers/ Solutions of The Merchant of Venice, Act 4 Scene 1: In this post, we will provide you complete details of the famous play “Merchant of Venice” Act 4 Scene 1 by Shakespeare.You can read the whole act from the images given below. In addition, Portia reminds Shylock that one of the laws of Venice forbids an alien from directly or indirectly attempting “to seek the life of any citizen” of Venice. A judgment is a judgment, and nothing in Antonio’s bond mentioned Shylock’s hiring a physician. Both Antonio and Bassanio press Portia to take something; they are both exceedingly grateful for all she has done, and Portia finally agrees to take two tokens as a “remembrance.” She asks for Bassanio’s gloves, and she also asks for his ring. Antonio knows that mercy is unlikely from Shylock, and Shakespeare tightens the tension of this scene by having Antonio beseech Bassanio to stop trying to win any sympathy from Shylock. Share. Shylock’s principles are as good, and better, than his inquisitors; it is under their law that he has “sworn / To have the due and forfeit of my bond.” However, Shylock goes beyond this and, in effect, he admits that his desire for revenge lies in the “lodged hate” that he bears toward Antonio. Act 1 scene 3, introduces Shylock for the first time in 'The Merchant of Venice' as the plays villainous Jew. The trial of Antonio in a Venetian court of justice begins. Portia replies that his wife would not be happy to hear of such an offer. She tells Shylock that she has seen sufficient proof that Shylock seeks Antonio’s life both directly and indirectly. Therefore, he can have “nothing but the forfeiture,” which he can still take, but at his own peril. While the duke reads the letter, Shylock whets his knife on the sole of his shoe to the horror of Antonio’s friends. He says that Bassanio must not regret his death as he was happy enough to pay his friend’s debt. Gratiano jeers at the moneylender; now the tables are turned. Meanwhile, Bassanio asks Antonio to have courage but Antonio replies that he is ready to accept his fate. ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions ML Aggarwal Solutions. This is the scene where Shylock is to take his forfeiture from Antonio. Of “ a stony adversary difficult to see Shylock as anything but a figure of Shylock summaries line., his property, and write mine [ Antonio ’ s wedding.. At last, Bassanio asks Antonio if his bond is a judgment is a last plea ; seemingly, stops! 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