Giuliano Dami was the favourite and valet of Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. The Kingdom of Etruria, Tuscany's successor state during the Napoleonic Wars. [40] In 1731, the Powers gathered at Vienna to decide who would succeed Gian Gastone. [52] Pope Clement VII willed his relative Alessandro de' Medici to be the monarchical ruler of Florence, and went about requisitioning that dignity carefully; he wanted to give the impression that the Florentines democratically chose Alessandro to be their monarch. [52] In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Balía, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. [41] On July 9 1737, Gian Gastone died; the last male Medici of the Grand Ducal line. An excellent musician himself, he attracted top musicians to Florence and thus made it an important musical center. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany (1723-1737) Cosimo I de' Medici (1519 – 1574) Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574, reigning as the first Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time. The grand duke was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849. The city is two miles in circumference, and contains about 80,000 inhabitants, of whom one-fourth are Jews. Ferdinand was the son of the incumbent Grand Duke, and Grand Duchess Maria Louisa. Leopold also abolished capital punishment. The last member of the Medici dynasty to be a leader of the order was Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 1801–7). He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the prince of Ottajano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Tuscany was overcome with religious orders, all of whom were not obliged to pay taxes. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of Ferdinando II, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline. The duke refused and fled to Bologna. Fortezza Vecchia changed its function to the coming of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine in 1737, by a defensive structure to a military college for officers of the Army of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1769) and afterwards in garrison (1795). On 30 November 1786, after having de facto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. [49]. Whence these leagues arrived in Tuscany, a concerned Ferdinand requisitioned an Austrian garrison, from his brother Emperor Francis of Austria, for the defence of the state. Cosimo I died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. Tuscany was nominally a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. [5], Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. However, the constitution was so radically new that it garnered opposition even from those who might have benefited from it. The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. Population, 100,000. La Leopolda Official anthem of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his second son, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. House of Medici; Flag of Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1562-1737) Naval flag (1737-1749) Coat of arms (1562-1737) House of Habsburg-Lorraine; Civil flag and civil ensign (1815-1848, 1849-1860) State flag with Lesser Coat of arms var d = new Date(); The United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia, annexed Tuscany in 1859. It was also known by the Greeks as "Tyrhennia" because of the Tyrhennian Sea. House of Commons –, The Papal Bull that created the Grand Duchy, Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, Museum of the Risorgimento (Castelfidardo). [49] The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. He was remember by his contemporaries as a man of culture and science, actively participating in the Accademia del Cimento, the first scientific society in Italy, formed by his younger brother, Leopoldo de' Medici. Former Italian state (1569–1801; 1815–1859). Cosimo III de' Medici was the penultimate (sixth) Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany. Francesco Maria de' Medici was a member of the House of Medici. Italian States, Grand Duchy of Tuscany. His affinity for Austria was equally unpalatable. He married Vittoria della Rovere, a first cousin, with whom he had two children who reached adulthood: the aforementioned Cosimo III, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, a cardinal. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: Granducato di Toscana, Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. Later, it settled down as a grand duchy. [10] Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his cousin King Philip II of Spain reacted quite angrily, as Florence was an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. Gian Gastone was not as steadfast in negotiating Tuscany's future as his father was. [18] Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to be wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty. [4], Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1815 to 1847. [3], Initially, Tuscany was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. He continued his father's Austrian/Imperial alliance, cementing it by marrying Johanna of Austria. In a war against Austria, the Tuscan army demanded an alliance with the Sardinians in April 1859. Gian Gastone de' Medici was the seventh and last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany. The Duke of Lucca, after negotiations with the Duke of Modena and Reggio and the Grand Duke of Tuscany in the Treaty of Florence (1844), decided to abdicate the throne of Lucca in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. Its ship-building is extensive, and vessels of war of 60 guns have been built in its slips. [46]. She was later entrusted with the care of her three grandchildren. It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. The order was permanently abolished in 1859 by the annexation of Tuscany to the Kingdom of Sardinia. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, as a part of the unification of Italy, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by France. 11:27. It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. Though "Tuscany" remained a linguistic, cultural and geographic conception, rather than a political reality, in the 15th century, Florence extended dominion in Tuscany through the annexion of Arezzo in 1384, the purchase of Pisa in 1405 and the suppression of a local resistance there (1406). He was succeeded by his elder surviving son, Gian Gastone, when he died, in 1723. Torture was also banned. Livorno was bought in 1421 and become the harbour of Florence. [43] Smallpox vaccination was made systematically available (Leopold's mother Maria Theresa had been a huge supporter on inoculation against smallpox), and an early institution for the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents was founded. His reign also witnessed Tuscany's deterioration to previously unknown economic lows. Alessandro’s death did not terminate the Medici family’s power in Florence.A younger branch of the family, descendants of the Lorenzo who had been the brother of Cosimo the Elder, now came forward.Cosimo de’ Medici (1519–74), great-great-grandson of Lorenzo, became duke of Florence, then grand duke of Tuscany (1569), and reigned as Cosimo I. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. During his reign, Florence purchased the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa (in 1548), [6] conquered Siena (in 1555) [7] and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. He was the eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici and Maria Maddalena of Austria. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569−1859) — located in the Tuscany region of the Italian Peninsula. They were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. The Grand Duke was an Austrian ; but the policy of the government has long bean distinguished for its liberality and efficiency. The order was created by Cosimo I de' Medici, first Grand Duke of Tuscany. Edit. Since 1814 it has reverted to Austria, and was governed by one of the Archdukes. All items (1) A Instituted on December 19, 1853 by Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Marguerite Louise d'Orléans was a Princess of France who became Grand Duchess of Tuscany, as the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici. Tuscany then ceded its Lunigiana territories to Modena with the exception of Pontremoli which passed to the Duchy of Parma. The Grand Duchy was then dissolved, and replaced by the Kingdom of Etruria under the house of Bourbon-Parma, in compensation for their loss of Duchy of Parma. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement. The Arch-Duchy of Tuscany (Toscana, now part of Italy) was created in 1569 when Cosimo de' Medici, Duke of Florence, was made Arch Duke of Tuscany by Pope Pius V. In 1737 the territory became a possession of Duke Franz III of Lotharingen, and hence a possession of the Habsburg family. [31] He imposed crippling taxes [32] while the country's population continued to decline. An Order of Military Merit, Commander by Rothe in Gold, c. 1910 (Ordine Militare d'Italia). [5]. [47] [48], The Napoleonic system collapsed in 1814, and the following territorial settlement, the Congress of Vienna, ceded the State of Presidi to a restored Tuscany. [21] Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer Galileo Galilei. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Neither of Cosimo's two sons was a suitable heir; Ferdinando was an alcoholic and epileptic, while his younger son, Gian Gastone, according to historian Paul Strathern, was not appropriate material[ clarification needed ] for the role of sovereign. One of its quarters is called New Venice, from its being intersected by a number of canals, by means of which goods are brought to the doors of the warehouses. d.setTime(d.getTime() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 2 * 1000); Francis I (as Francis Stephen became known) lived in Florence briefly with his wife, the Habsburg heiress Maria Theresa, who became Tuscany's grand duchess. (function(src){var a=document.createElement("script");a.type="text/javascript";a.async=true;a.src=src;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)})("//experience.tinypass.com/xbuilder/experience/load?aid=bYdYZQml5V"); Tuscany is the Etruria of the ancients. The constitution was revoked in 1852. Leopold attempted to secularize the property of the religious houses or to put the clergy entirely under the control of the government. Knight of the Golden Fleece. Together they had two children: Cosimo, in 1642, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, in 1660. Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in … In 1847, Leopold, following the death of the then-incumbent Duchess of Parma, Marie Louise of Austria, and the secret Treaty of Florence (1844), annexed the Duchy of Lucca, (A state created solely to accommodate the House of Bourbon-Parma until they could re-assume their Parmese sovereignty). Francis did not live in his Tuscan realm, and lived in the capital of his wife's realm, Vienna. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor proclaimed Alessandro de' Medici, ruler of Florence "for his lifetime, and after his death to be succeeded by his sons, male heirs and successors, of his body, by order of primogeniture, and failing them by the closest male of the Medici family, and likewise in succession forever, by order of primogeniture." Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence. [19]. [13], Francesco had little interest in governing his realm, instead participating in scientific experiments. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time. This led to a regency of Ferdinand's grandmother, Dowager Grand Duchess Christina, and his mother, Maria Maddalena of Austria. Through his patronage of Bartolomeo Cristofori, Ferdinando made possible the invention of the piano. Gian Gastone would repeal his father's puritan laws. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Ferdinand aligned Tuscany with Austria. He died unmarried. With the exception of its literary institutions and numerous antiquities, Pisa has no modern attractions. [37] Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. Officially, the territory never was part of Austria-Hungary. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II. In the 12th and 13th centuries Tuscany was partitioned among the famous republics of Florence, Pisa, and Siena; but these were re-united in 1531 into one duchy, under Alexander Medici, in whose family it remained until its extinction in 1737, when it fell into the hands of the house of Austria. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, for his entire rule. var script = document.createElement("script"); In 1801, Napoleon erected it into the Kingdom of Etruria, in favor of the Prince of Parma: but in 1808 it was incorporated iuto the French Empire, and subdivided into the departments of Arno, Mediterranean, and Ombrone. script.setAttribute("onerror", "setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);"); In the mid-19th Century this large state was situated in Middle Italy, extending from the coast almost entirely to the west of the crest of the Appenines, and is bounded on the north by Parma and Modena, and on the east and south by the Papal States. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. [29], Cosimo III's reign was characterised by drastic changes and a sharp decline of the Grand Duchy. Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I. Il Duca della Repubblica Fiorentina, rendered in English as The Duke of the Florentine Republic or Duke of the Republic of Florence, was a title created in 1532 by Pope Clement VII for the Medici family, which ruled the Republic of Florence. Marie's father Stanisław I of Poland ruled Lorraine as compensation for his loss of the Kingdom of Poland. Cosimo married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. He was forced out by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars, first in 1799, and then after the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801), becoming instead Elector of Salzburg, ruling the territory of the former archbishopric. Edit source History Talk (0) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The grand duke Leopold II agreed to ratify a liberal constitution in 1848. He is known for the "magnetic influence" he exercised on the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany, and for his relationship with him. Francis was reluctant to resign the duchy, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (Maria Theresa's father) stated that if he didn't relinquish his rights to Lorraine, he could not marry Maria Theresa. }, Page last modified: Livorno-Wikipedia [5] Italy was unified in 1870, when the remains of the Papal States were annexed in that September, deposing Pope Pius IX. The United States Army Field Band Recommended for you. Elba, and several other islands in the Mediterranean belonged to Tuscany. In 1815 the Duchy of Lucca was carved out of Tuscany as a temporary compensation for the Bourbons of Parma, until in 1847 where it was returned to Tuscany. Parliament. … The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, … Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici was a Tuscan noblewoman who was the last lineal descendant of the main branch of the House of Medici. var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) { Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. Tuscany was divided into two main administrative districts: the stato nuovo (the new state) consisting of the former Republic of Siena, and the stato vecchio (the old state), the old Republic of Florence and her dependencies. The Tuscans despised the new occupying "Lorrainers", as they interfered with the Tuscan government, while the occupying Spaniards had not done so. Leopold II lent his support to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Austro-Sardinian War. Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. Tuscany was ruled by the House of Medici and thrived bearing witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons. Leopold was succeeded by Ferdinand III. Violante Beatrice loved him but Ferdinando did not return her affection, declaring her too ugly and too dull. Population, 20,000. The army consisted of from 7,000 to 8,000 men, who were levied by a sort of conscription, and served for six years. [55], Over time, the Medici acquired several territories, which included: the County of Pitigliano, purchased from the Orsini family in 1604; the County of Santa Fiora, acquired from the House of Sforza in 1633; Spain ceded Pontremoli in 1650, Silvia Piccolomini sold her estates, the Marquisate of Castiglione at the time of Cosimo I, Lordship of Pietra Santa, and the Duchy of Capistrano and the city of Penna in the Kingdom of Naples. Despite his attempts at acquiescence, street fighting in opposition to the regime sprang up in August, in Livorno. She and her court left on 10 December. Florence, (Firenze la Bella,) the capital, is situated on the Arno, in a delightful valley. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is a gargantuan, safe nation, ruled by Leopold II with an even hand, and renowned for its compulsory military service and keen interest in outer space. Charlemagne conquered Tuscany, but under his feeble successors its princes made the country independent. File:Map Kingdom of Etruria.jpg. Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Order of Saint Stephen Breast Star First Class, in bronze gilt, with iron pin and glass arms, 72mmx72mm, circa 1810-20, of superb quality manufacture, in … Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. [11] The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. [28] Ferdinando II died in 1670, succeeded by his oldest surviving son Cosimo. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg was the legal Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg in the eyes of the Holy Roman Emperor, the overlord of Saxe-Lauenburg, from 1689 until 1728; however, because her distant cousin George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, conquered the duchy by force in 1689, she exercised no control over the territory, instead living in her manors in Bohemia. [34]. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was recreated in 1956, after the dissolution of the Italian Empire at the end of the Second Great War. Manuscript from 1754 with stamps, found in a drawer. Don Carlos became King of Naples shortly after his arrival in Florence in 1735, by the Treaty of Turin. [9] Rumours circulated at the Viennese court that had Cosimo as a candidate for King of England. [8] Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. [14] Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. The Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the constitutional reform commission, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. The harbor is entirely artificial, and is formed and defended by a great mole or bulwark, and by strong military works; and outside is the road, formed by sandbanks surrounding the island of Meloria, on which the light-house is built . [20] Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. The improvements of the Maremma occasioned much of the extraordinary expenditures. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; House of Commons, John Bowring, 1839, p 6, Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the time period in question, Mora, G. (1959) Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759–1820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth), which reverted to her second son, Francesco Maria, Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, "COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana in "Dizionario Biografico, "Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopædia Britannica", Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana, "Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopædia Britannica", Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. [14], Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. A provisional government was formed on 27 April and the duchy joined with the Duchies of Modena and Parma in Dec 1859 to form th… Cosimo contemplated restoring the Republic of Florence, [5] [38] a decision that was complicated by the Grand Duchy's feudal status: Florence was an Imperial fief, Siena a Spanish one. In February 1849, Leopold II had to abandon Tuscany to Republicans and sought refuge in the Neapolitan city of Gaeta. The duchy and the ducal title to Lorraine and Bar passed to King Louis XV of France upon Leszczynski's death in 1766, though Francis and his successors retained the right to style themselves as dukes of Lorraine and Bar. File:Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1840).svg. Tuscany wis nominally a state o the Haly Roman Empire till the Treaty o Campo Formio in 1797.. References Education was much neglected, and the only institutions of note were the universities of Pisa and Siena. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (or Granducato di Toscana in Italian) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. Francis Stephen of Lorraine (1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor from 1745 and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1737. Tuscany is named after its pre-Roman inhabitants, the Etruscans. The great square is spacious, and the Duomo or Cathedral, is a noble building. La Leopolda Official anthem of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The Grand Duchy of. A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.. The oldest surviving son of the Duke of Lorraine, Francis left the duchy for the deposed Polish king Stanisław Leszczyński in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as one of the terms ending the War of the Polish Succession in 1738. [11]. script.setAttribute("src", "//www.npttech.com/advertising.js"); The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. [25], Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Urban VIII in 1643. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. During the minority of her son, Grand Duke Ferdinando, she and her mother-in-law acted as regents from 1621 to 1628. Overview Policies People Government Economy Rank Trend Cards Civil Rights, Economy, & Political Freedom. Francis I was Duke of Lorraine and Bar, positions that he later exchanged for that of Grand Duke of Tuscany, who came to marry Maria Theresa of Austria and become Holy Roman Emperor, though his wife effectively executed the real powers. 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