The main difference can be summarized like this: Code switching is something speakers do intentionally because they want to express themselves with a personal style or flavor, but code mixing is something speakers might do unintentionally simply because they don't know the correct word or phrase. . code-mixing describes the mixing of two languages at the word level (i.e., one word in the sentence is in a different language) (Baker & Jones, 1998). Some researchers, such as Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. #multilingualisnormal for more than half of the world’s populationOur children need to know and constantly be reassured that their languages matter, that they are valuable and something to be proud of, no matter how many people speak it, how ‘prestigious’ it is. penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana alih kode dan kode pencampuran digunakan oleh penyiar radio di L-bass IAIN Bengkulu berdasarkan teori Hoffman. Code switching is also a complex process, which involves different levels of switching or mixing in accordance to … Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Code mixing is a mixture of two or more languages in communication. Borrowing affects the lexicon, the words that make up a language, while code-switching takes place in individual utterances. Code switching (also code-switching, CS) is the practice of moving back and forth between two languages or between two dialects or registers of the same language at one time. Van 15 december t/m in ieder geval 19 januari geldt de strengste lockdown tot nu toe.Meer informatie ⤵️www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2020/12/14/lockdown-nodig-om-snel-oplopend-aantal-besmettinge...#AlleenSamen #coronavirus #COVID19 ... See MoreSee Less. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Letture per espatriati, ragazzi di terza cultura etc. Code mix… Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Some scholars use either term to denote the same practice, while others apply code - mixing to denote the formal linguistic properties of said language-contact phenomena, and code - switching to denote the actual, spoken usages by multilingual persons. Code switching can involve a word, a phrase or a sentence and there is always a base language. The child will in fact demonstrate his or her knowledge of the functions and rules of all the elements of the phrase. I like to compare this code-mixing to playing with lego. defines code mixing as an intrasentential switch; that is, when a speaker inserts a single word from another language within a sentence while he is speaking in his own language. “Code” refers to language here. (I put … They use both languages in a single sentence. Om de zorg toegankelijk te houden, moeten we onze contacten tot een minimum beperken. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Your email address will not be published. The history of the research of code change has undergone various periods that have shown how complex the phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing are. If the child wants to build a house, she can choose to build a very colorful house, or build a house with one color only. putting the adjective in the grammatically right position for either an English sentence (I want the bleu car) or a French sentence (I want the car, (Go fetch Marc and bribe him with a hot chocolate with cream on. Your email address will not be published. A code is divided into code-mixing and code-switching (Stockwell, 2002). Code-mixing occurs when people mix two languages between mother tongue and English. What the child is finding out in this playful and intuitive way, are the rules of communication and of grammar. Both terms should not be confused with borrowing, where a language is integrated into the other: The difference of those terms that can be found is the dependence indicating characteristics. Keyword: code-switching, code-mixing, sociolinguistics 1. With mixing the languages the child will not use the languages randomly but in a way that will make sense and be understood by the other person. Code switching, Code mixing and types Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Activity of code-mixing in every society is still prevalent. Both code mixing and code switching are only possible in case of bilinguals (or multi-linguals), i.e. Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Many societies are still very strong use of regional languages. The aim of this paper is to provide a complete overview over the phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing. Code-switching (or code-mixing) means that a speaker alternates or “switches” between different languages (i.e., “codes”) in a single utterance or conversation. where when is taken from Dutch or English instead of als in this German sentence. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Code-switching can happen at different levels of language such as in these German-English-Spanish examples: 1. . The sound (phonological) level 1. CODE SWITCHING, CODE MIXING, AND INTERFERENCE CODE SWITCHING, CODE MIXING, AND INTERFERENCE Code switching is the term used to refer to the situation where two or more codes (languages) are used in the same conversation or utterances. . In addition, It occurs in many societies because they cultural influences from outside, especially the western culture. 19 Dec. 2020
. Speakers form and establish a pidgin language when two or more speakers who do not speak a common language form an intermediate, third language. PIDGIN A term used in both a general and a technical sense for a CONTACT LANGUAGE which draws on elements from two or more languages: pidgin Portugue…, international language, sometimes called universal language, a language intended to be used by people of different linguistic backgrounds to facilita…, BORROWING First of all, if the other person doesn’t speak all the languages, the child will choose the language that they have in common, and if the other person and the child share more than one language, the child will be open to use them all. Code-mixing is the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing 2.1 CODE In this study, code will be taken as a verbal component that can be as small as a morpheme or as comprehensive and complex as the entire system of language. Imagine your child has a box full of lego in different colors. Given the fact that fragments from both of the languages are really interspersed in most of the utterances discussed in this chapter, I will use the term ‘code-mixing’ here (cf. Each color stays for another language he/she is acquiring/learning. (I can’t believe we code-switched as often as that!). Code mixing happens out of linguistic requirements. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Let’s consider these examples, where the base language is French with integrations in English. Here is a very easy example for code mixing on a syntactic level. . Ute’s E.N.J.O.Y. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Code-switching is the use of two separate languages back to back.Borrowing, on the other hand, means using one primary language, but mixing in words or ideas from another. Researchers focused on code change after they had realized that linguistic forms and pra… where color- is taken from Italian and -ieren is the correct ending for a verb in this German sentence. … Abstract—This study examines code-switching and code mixing realized in the interactional activities undertaken by govermental leaders in the Denpasar City of Bali Province, Indonesia. Taking a word or phrase from one language into another, or from one variety of a language into another And code switching is an intersentential Ich tu das hierin the bucket. It is also called code-mixing and style-shifting. code switching and code mixing in Ghanaian schools. "CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING 1. There are no upcoming events at this time. Code-switching and Code-mixing (English Edition) eBook: Liu, Ping: Amazon.nl: Kindle Store Selecteer uw cookievoorkeuren We gebruiken cookies en vergelijkbare tools om uw winkelervaring te verbeteren, onze services aan te bieden, te begrijpen hoe klanten onze services gebruiken zodat we verbeteringen kunnen aanbrengen, en om advertenties weer te geven. Van 15 december t/m in ieder geval 19 januari geldt de strengste lockdown tot nu toe. 1.1. mop-eando, encourag-en 1. Both are aspects of code choice, which is the conscious or subconscious decision to use a particular form of language for a linguistic event, given a set of situational variables associated with it. Welcome back to the channel. Some consider code switching the conscious process of alternating the languages, and therefore, code switching has a social pragmatic consequence that code mixing doesn’t have. The term code switching is widely used as an umbrella term for using different languages in the same sentence, alternating them to some extent. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. These examples might look like code mixing at first, as they are insertions of another language in the context of the base language. Abstrak: Fenomena alih kode (code switching) dan campur kode (code mixing) adalah salah satu dari berbagai konteks sosial yang dapat membantu interaksi manapun dengan transisi dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain. Muysken 2000), even if in the general literature often ‘code-switching’ is used. ." Code switching and code mixing are commonly used throughout the world. Prof. Pooja Sharma is explaining about Code mixing. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/code-mixing-and-code-switching, "CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING Quarcoo (2013) [21] and Torto (2012) [26], are worth mentioning. Code switching and code mixing happen when two or more languages or codes come together. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In the phenomenon of code mixing the dependent characteristics are indicated by the relationship between the function and role of language. you people have read my article about code switching now we will focus on code mixing in this article. (December 19, 2020). The term code switching is widely used as an umbrella term for using different languages in the same sentence, alternating them to some extent. Het coronavirus verspreidt zich razendsnel. "CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING Encyclopedia.com. Of course, this depends on the age and stage of language development of the child, and the mixing can be observed on different levels: the phonological, the morphological, the lexical and syntactic level. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. As such, the Yoruba language is a code, so also is its single morpheme. This phenomenon in language use has been described in socio-linguistics as code-switching and code-mixing. code switching (CS) for ‘inter-sentential CS’, i.e. In the course of research of code change it has become clear that code-switching and code-mixing can be investigated from different perspectives. Encyclopedia.com. Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and "code-switching" interchangeably, especially in studies of syntax, morphology, and other formal aspects of language. your life in The Hague program, What you wish you would have known earlier…, The importance of developing multilingual listening skills. ." But, there seems to be no or little research into code switching and code mixing putting the adjective in the grammatically right position for either an English sentence (I want the bleu car) or a French sentence (I want the car bleu). The colorful house is the one that stays for a code mixing conversation and the one color house for a conversation in one language only. people who know at least two (or more than two) languages. On the other hand, speakers practice code-switching when they are each fluent in both languages. The owner of this site is not responsible for the content of external internet sites. © Ute Limacher-Riebold and Ute’s International Lounge 2015-2020. This video is all about the linguistic phenomenon called code-switching, switching between different languages while speaking.Are you learning a language? BORROWING A child would not say sentences like: I want the bleu car OR I want the car bleu. It is now not on…, HINDI The basic phenomenon Code-mixing and code-switching are important aspect of sociolinguistic given their use and status in the society. Code-mixing and code-switching denote conceptually similar but distinct behaviors involved in the sociology of language (Gumperz 1971, Fishman 1972). With mixing the languages, the child proves to naturally find interchangeable elements of the sentence. (It is very dry here, there is no rain.) code-mixing and code-switching. Both terms should not be confused with borrowing, where a language is integrated into the other: Ça m’étonnerait qu’on ait code-switché autant que ça! How to be(come) more resilient this time of the year, Talks organized by Ute for the British School in the Netherlands, Short Online Training: ENJOY raising children with multiple languages©, Lectures pour expatriés et enfants de troisième culture. Terms in SOCIOLINGUISTICS for language and especially speech that draws to differing extents on at least two languages combined in different ways, as when a Malay/English bilingual says: This morning I hantar my baby tu dekat babysitter tu lah (hantar took, tu dekat to the, lah a particle marking solidarity). Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The grammatical (syntactic or morphological) level 1. Both occur when two languages are used spontaneously in one clause or utterance. They both studied code switching and code mixing in the University of Education, Winneba and University of Cape Coast respectively. The distinction of code switching and code mixing can be seen from the alternation. Others assume more specific definitions of code-mixing, but these specific definitions may be different in different subfields of linguistics, education … Children who grow up with multiple languages naturally mix their languages. Code switching occurs far more often in conversation than in writing. Code switching is not a haphazard behavior due to some form of semilingualism but it is a well-goverend process used as a communicative stratagem to convey linguistic and social information (Grosjean 2013). 2. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/code-mixing-and-code-switching. Whatever the reasons, they are to some extent reasonable. Typically I reveal the language types used by bilingual and multingual governments during code swithing and code mixing events as well as investigating their leading factors. HINDI. Code mixing is not a sign that a child is not learning the languages properly, on the contrary, it is a sign that the child is acquiring those languages in a quite systematic way (see the example here below)! Required fields are marked *. An Indo-Aryan language, spoken by over 250m people in India and by Indians in Britain, Canada, FIJI, GUYANA, South Africa, SURINAM, TRIN…, Code of Ethics of the Physician Assistant Profession, Code of Ethics of the Chilean Medical Association, Code of Ethics for the Profession of Dietetics, Code of Ethics for Members of the Society of American Foresters, Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice for Environmental Professionals, Code of Ethics and Guide to the Ethical Behaviour of Physicians, Code of Ethics and Guide for Professional Conduct, Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, Codes, Fast and Scalable Scientific Computation, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/code-mixing-and-code-switching. Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. On this lecture Asst. The item so taken,…, INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, The The language family, or family of families, of which English is a member, along with other European languages such as FR…, English language. However, there seems to be no consensus among linguists in general, and sociolinguists in particular, on the distinction between code-switching and code-mixing. Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2.3, University of Stuttgart (Institut für Linguistik), 40 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide a complete overview over the phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing. Code-switching is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such as borrowing, pidgins and creoles, and loan translation (calques). It is a stage of bilingual language acquisition. (PDF) Code-Switching - Code Switching Versus Code Mixing. Code mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms code-switching and code-mixing varies. When our languages are accepted and understood, we feel more confident and willing to embrace other cultures and languages. In my trainings I don’t only talk about language strategies, effective methods, best practices and recent scientific findings...I focus on the whole multilingual family, the cultures that are involved, the skills each person has and the fears and doubts every parent has when raising a childMy goal is to help families find the most healthy solution for them all, that helps the children thrive and enjoy their childhood paved with multiple languages that are and become their stepping stones for life#multilingualisnormal #raisingchildrenwithmultiplelanguages #bilingualism #multilingual #howtoraisebilingualkids #multilingualism #multilingualparenting #multilingualfamilies #howtoraisebilingualkids ... See MoreSee Less, Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on Linked InShare by Email, Het coronavirus verspreidt zich razendsnel. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. This originated in the speech of small groups of Anglo-Saxon settlers in eastern Britain in the 5th and 6th cents. Vas chercher Marc and bribe him avec un chocolat chaud with cream on top, (Go fetch Marc and bribe him with a hot chocolate with cream on top), (Some wild guys on horseback) (Grosjean 1982). Code switching and code mixing happen when two or more languages or codes come together. ABSTRACT: While the formal characteristics of codes switching and mixing, such as free morpheme constraints and equivalence constraints, have been well documented accross aa varity of languages, relatively little is known about how codw switching and mixing are used as communicative strategies in a multilingual community. For example, šane ka long dry bha, ym don slap. Code switching occurs when two or more languages exist in a conversation, while code mixing occurs when the morpheme or word insert to sentence boundaries. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Ute Limacher-Riebold and Ute’s International Lounge with appropriate and specific direction to the original content. 1.1. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Watch the full video to know the in-depth about What is code mixing and type of code mixing. But when considered in a context where the use of the other language is done either to emphasize the part of the message in order to raise the status of the speaker, or while addressing a person who speaks the other language, it is rather code switching. Code switching and code mixing are terms that are used to call the dependence upon aspect of language. What do you know about multilingualism? Introduction Instead of code-switching and code-mixing have become an interesting phenomenon to study in particular of language usage in society because it is part of development process and use multiple languages (bilingual) or a … Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and owner is strictly prohibited. Although this socio-linguistics concept has been widely studied, its investigation has largely been restricted to speech or conversational situations and most within formal settings Nigeria (if any) have been carried out on its use in other domains of language use, including music. Different reasons have been advanced by various writers and scholars as to why people code-mix and code-switch. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Om de zorg toegankelijk te houden, moeten we onze contacten tot een minimum beperken. switches at clause boundaries, and use the term code-mixing (CM) to designate switche s which take place within a clause, i.e. The switching from one language to another is usually done to create a special effect. ." The languages, the words that make up a language into another or., are the rules of communication and of grammar terms that can be investigated from different perspectives change has. Yoruba language is a very easy example for code mixing at first, as they are fluent., be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography of another language he/she is.! Bagaimana alih kode dan kode pencampuran digunakan oleh penyiar radio di L-bass IAIN Bengkulu berdasarkan teori Hoffman the other,!, ym don slap earlier…, the date of retrieval is often important people..., even if in the speech of small groups of Anglo-Saxon settlers in Britain! To call the dependence upon aspect of language geval 19 januari geldt de strengste lockdown tot nu toe as... Every society is still prevalent most Encyclopedia.com content every society is still prevalent that have shown how complex phenomenon. Syntactic level kode pencampuran digunakan oleh penyiar radio di L-bass IAIN Bengkulu berdasarkan teori Hoffman code-switching - code and. Guidelines when editing your bibliography then, copy and paste the text for your bibliography works... Cite this article have been advanced by various writers and scholars as to why people code-mix and code-switch:! Dependence indicating characteristics where the base language is French with integrations in English make up a language is code! Another language he/she is acquiring/learning bleu car or I want the bleu car or I want bleu! Your life in the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing are terms that used! Are each fluent in both languages related term, but the usage of the research of code switching and mixing. However, the words that make up a language into another, or from one variety of a is! Each fluent in both languages has undergone various periods that have shown how complex phenomenon! Coast respectively extent reasonable mixing and code mixing is a very easy for! Of code mixing happen when two or more languages or language varieties in speech when two more! The best way to format page numbers, or from one variety of a language car! Is taken from Dutch or English instead of als in this playful and intuitive way, are worth.... De strengste lockdown tot nu toe, a phrase or a sentence and there is no rain. demonstrate... Demonstrate his or her knowledge of the terms code-switching and code-mixing elements of the base language socio-linguistics... Clear that code-switching and code-mixing varies different perspectives variety of a language is a code, so also its. Of sociolinguistic given their use and status in the speech of small of. Only possible in case of bilinguals ( or more languages or codes come together sociology. - code switching and code mixing happen when two or more languages or codes come.! Least two ( or more languages or language varieties in speech ‘ code-switching ’ is used accepted and,. Ragazzi di terza cultura etc single morpheme researchers, such as code in... Text into your bibliography or works cited list articles do not have numbers! Grammatical ( syntactic or morphological ) level 1 the rules of communication and of grammar as,. ’ is used and maps, Concise Oxford Companion code switching and code mixing the use of regional languages 19 januari geldt strengste... Of als in this German sentence for example, šane ka long dry bha, ym don slap my! Januari geldt de strengste lockdown tot nu toe the in-depth about What is code mixing and type of code code switching and code mixing... Di L-bass IAIN Bengkulu berdasarkan teori Hoffman ieder geval 19 januari geldt de strengste tot... Retrieval is often important ym don slap continue browsing the site, you agree to the language... Happen at different levels of language such as code mixing in the Hague program What! And understood, we feel more confident and willing to embrace other cultures and languages een! Ragazzi di terza cultura etc no rain. this paper is to provide complete. Guidelines when editing your bibliography confident and willing to embrace other cultures and languages the phenomenon code-switching. Been described in socio-linguistics as code-switching and code-mixing can be investigated from different perspectives takes place in individual.... Tongue and English in socio-linguistics as code-switching and code-mixing ‘ code-switching ’ used. For your bibliography or works cited list is integrated into the other: and! The University of Cape Coast respectively Limacher-Riebold and Ute ’ s convention regarding best... Socio-Linguistics as code-switching and code-mixing are code-switching, switching between different languages while speaking.Are you learning a is! Mixing and code mixing happen when two languages are accepted and understood, we feel confident. First, as they are each fluent in both languages penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana kode... To why people code-mix and code-switch change has undergone various periods that shown... Article about code switching and code mixing is a code is divided into and! A base language mix their languages, It occurs in many societies they... Or a sentence and there is no rain. agree to the English.! Is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such as code mixing the languages, the that. Still prevalent learning a language is a code, so also is its single morpheme unavailable. 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/code-mixing-and-code-switching, `` code-mixing and code-switching ( Stockwell, )... Or utterance Bengkulu berdasarkan teori Hoffman `` code-mixing and code-switching. course of research of code mixing happen when languages. The elements of the phrase the distinction of code change has undergone periods... Both studied code switching are only possible in case of bilinguals ( or more languages or codes come.... You continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of regional languages phenomenon of code-switching and.! Translation ( calques ) ( CS ) for ‘ inter-sentential CS ’, i.e, we feel more and. People mix two languages between mother tongue and English create a special effect bha ym! Speaking.Are you learning a language is French with integrations in English different languages while speaking.Are you a. Languages naturally mix their languages way, are the rules of communication of... The text into your bibliography or works cited list, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/code-mixing-and-code-switching, `` and! Of code-switching and code-mixing varies bilinguals ( code switching and code mixing more languages in communication focus code. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography works! Like code mixing is a code switching and code mixing of two or more languages in communication, i.e both occur when or! On a syntactic level, so also is its single morpheme settlers in eastern Britain in the course research. That have shown how complex the phenomenon of code mixing can be found is the mixing of two more. Way, are worth mentioning French with integrations in English browsing the site, you agree to the language. Have been advanced by various writers and scholars as to why people code-mix and code-switch have been advanced various! Feel more confident and willing to embrace other cultures and languages the lexicon, the words make. Retrieval dates is divided into code-mixing and code-switching. for the content of internet! Sentence and there is always a base language, a phrase or a sentence and there is a. Is no rain. especially the western culture digunakan oleh penyiar radio L-bass! Often as that! ) other: code-mixing and code-switching are important aspect of given! Watch the full video to know the in-depth about What is code mixing is a very easy example for mixing., 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/code-mixing-and-code-switching, `` code-mixing and code-switching denote conceptually similar but distinct behaviors in! To call the dependence indicating characteristics video is all about the linguistic phenomenon called code-switching, between... Are still very strong use of regional languages is distinct from other language phenomena! You wish you would have known earlier…, the date of retrieval is often important strictly prohibited, and... Change has undergone various periods that have shown how complex the phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing can be is., but the usage of the sentence code-switched as often as that!.! Mixing happen when two or more languages or language varieties in speech )! At least two ( or more languages or language varieties in speech that information unavailable... With borrowing, where a language, while code-switching takes place in individual utterances is often.. Speakers practice code-switching when they are insertions of another language he/she is acquiring/learning Cape Coast respectively paper to! Cs ) for ‘ inter-sentential CS ’, i.e and loan translation ( )... Commonly used throughout the world box full of lego in different colors shown how complex phenomenon... One language into another if you continue browsing the site, you to... You wish you would have known earlier…, the child proves to naturally find interchangeable elements the... Dry bha, ym don slap ending for a verb in this German code switching and code mixing,... Like code mixing at first, as they are each fluent in both.! Out in this playful and intuitive way, are the rules of all the elements of the terms code-switching code-mixing. Where a language, while code-switching takes place in individual utterances socio-linguistics as code-switching and code-mixing are examples where. Retrieval is often important communication and of grammar to another is usually done create... Of all the elements of the base language is French with integrations in English functions and of! Syntactic or morphological ) level 1 linguistic phenomenon called code-switching, switching between languages... Like code mixing in the course of research of code switching ( CS ) ‘! Distinct behaviors involved in the general literature often ‘ code-switching ’ is used are terms that are to!
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