Learning a foreign language becomes fun and easy when you learn with movie trailers, music videos, news and inspiring talks. For example, in Mango’s Latin American Spanish course, there are five main units with a total of 41 chapters, as well as six specialty courses, including Business, Legal and Medical Spanish and three Mango Movies. Malu and Jorgito are two young friends whose mothers don’t want them to play together because of their families’ different social statuses. These make sure that the goals shown at the beginning of every lesson have been successfully integrated by the student. The program even keeps track of what youâre learning and tells you exactly when itâs time for review, giving you a 100% personalized experience. And hey, if you or your friend are learning English, Mango Languages is one of the best sites that can get the job doneâwhat with their English course being taught from over 20 source languages. MobileBrowser First, make sure your local lib... General. FluentU is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Mango can not only be used individually but also for groups of people looking to learn together! You can practice your own pronunciation by tapping on the orange microphone icon found next to the speaker icon. If youâre after a much bigger library of content with more language options, FluentU houses a large repository of authentic videos to learn with! Cool! Study Reminders are a great way to receive pers... Link to Library. It was founded in 2007 by a team of four ambitious innovators who wanted to leverage technology to bring down linguistic and cultural barriers. He soon learns that she and her family are part of a small traveling circus, and that she’s come back to rejoin them after leaving under mysterious circumstances 15 years prior. Just a quick look will give you an idea of the variety of FluentU videos on offer: FluentU really takes the grunt work out of learning languages, leaving you with nothing but engaging, effective and efficient learning. Alternatives to Mango Languages for iPhone, Android, Web, iPad, Android Tablet and more. Race of Siena, English So, after all thatâs been said and done, was Mango Languages able to deliver on its promise? Furthermore, the organic style of Mango's system allows students to build upon what they've learned as they progress. Mango Languages seems to be a helpful and another creative way of learning a new language. Start using the FluentU website on your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes store or Google Play store. Encourage new generations to broaden their opportunities with the desire to experience That means that learners can choose whichever language they want to learn from the list of 70+ and watch their language level grow for an affordable monthly fee. For those who want an explicit, point-by-point tutorial on rules of grammar, you might want to look somewhere elseâor at least take your own notes when the skimpy Mango grammatical explanations do show up. In fact, these are the same skills crucial for preparing you to have your own conversations in your target language, but not just any conversation: conversations that you are likely to have. 18. âMANGO/NMRT Professional Development Grant.â American Library Association. You’ll be asked to pick a language as a take-off point, but donât worry: You can switch and explore other languages anytime you like. 3 Things to Remember When Helping an Assignee Move Back, Multiple Perspectives: Why Cultural Diversity Is Necessary for Innovation, Introducing Study Reminders: 3 Tips to Bust the 'Too Busy' Myth, Talk Like A Pirate Day 2020 | How to Celebrate Virtually as You 'Harbor-in-Place', 5 Things You Need to Know About the Year of the Rooster. The film focuses on Mikio Kobayashi, the owner of a print shop, as his and his family’s life is turned upside down when an old business associate requests to move into their cramped apartment. Your assignees may not run into many traveling circuses while in France, but this movie, directed by French New Wave pioneer Jacques Rivette, is a delightful introduction to modern French cinema. While this drama may not encapsulate the “norm” of German life, (it’s a bit of a thriller!) I tried using Mango to teach me two languages. As we’ve been suggesting throughout this post, Mango works best as part of a whole cocktail of books, audiobooks, language courses, and one-on-one tutoring that you should get yourself into. Language lovers across North America have used our fully interactive feature films to master new languages. A subscription to Mango can be purchased for a set monthly fee, and there are three plan types to choose from. © 2020 Enux Education Limited. Movies can be sorted by age group (Ages 8+, Ages 13+ and Ages 18+), and each dialogue line within the movie is broken down for further learning. Mango Languages has a small collection of authentic movies that you can use for immersive study. Pick a movie, make a (culturally relevant) snack, and sit back to enjoy a safe foreign language film together. The German ⦠Announcements. However, it has great potential. Thanks to this, you can fetch the translation for practically any word using what’s probably the most advanced translation platform available today. Since FluentU relies heavily on visuals and Mango Languages relies on text, the two programs complement each other perfectly. Educators can use Mango Classroom as a 24/7 teaching assistant, helping to organize class activities and assessments. These topics are necessary for creating a solid base in any language. Now do a search for your library by either typing its name, your city or the zip code where it’s located (US or Canada). Your dashboard gives you a well-thought-out layout of everything you’d want to do with Mango. Mango Languages is an online language-learning app with a deal that seems too good to be true. Learners are able to intuit, without explicit grammar rules, how the elements in the sentences translate from one language to another. 16. âMango Languages Introduces Mango Premiere, New Language Learning Through Movies.â CBSDetroit. While previous highlights focused on standard features that may be found in many other language courses, Mango Languages has a couple of features that are almost completely unique to its program. For about $18 per month, you can have access to everything in Mango⦠For instance, Mango is sometimes priced at a discounted rate for the first three months of subscription. Instead of divining a phrase’s meaning from the heavens, Mango gives you both the literal equivalent of the words and also their intended meaning. Mango Languages is an excellent database to learn Spanish, French, and even Pirate! Here at Mango, we love language learning. We also participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services we believe in. Remember Mango’s goal to leverage technology to break down cultural barriers? Manage that, and youâre now connected to Mango for free! We’ll start with what is absolutely awesome for language learners! Shui, Zodiac From K-12 students and library patrons to undergrads and business professionals, discover After being dishonorably discharged from the German army, Thomas returns to his home village in the northeastern part of Germany. Subscribe and let the world surprise you. Soon, their quiet lifestyle is forgotten as Mikio’s business associate brings a host of interesting and international characters to his home. Promoted articles. Repetition is central to the entire Mango Languages learning system. Contact Us. There are over 70 world languages, including English, you can learn thru their company. Here at Mango, we love language learning. A funny, surreal sendup of traditional Japanese family and business norms, Hospitalité offers a fun introduction to life and intercultural relations in Japan. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. Mango Languages. A SAMPLING OF LANGUAGES YOU CAN LEARN ON MANGO . Download our ebook, Supporting Successful Family Relocation to learn how you can make assignments more successful for everyone involved! mango languages is cool, but I find the interface to be very messy and cluttered. Here’s a list of our top five favorite movies on Mango Premiere. With FluentU, you hear languages in real-world contextsâthe way that native speakers actually use them. Soon, their quiet lifestyle is forgotten as Mikio’s business associate brings a host of interesting and international characters to his home. Download our ebook, Supporting Successful Family Relocation to learn how you can make assignments more successful for everyone involved! But has Mango actually delivered on that sweet promise, or has it turned sour in the process? As a self-paced learning platform that relies on slide decks, Mango totally leaves it up to the user when to move to the next slide. This Mango Languages review will focus on the program as experienced by the individual language learner. Find out where you can meet Mango, including upcoming trade shows, exhibitions, And the team has recently (in 2019) updated the software for an even more intuitive and streamlined experience, and it has really paid off. Vittorio offers his assistance, and is instantly attracted to her. There is French and Spanish and also Tagalog and Armenian. Their traditions, food, music and the people that make these languages so unique. How can we help? Head over to the Mango website to find out. The question is: Is your local library one of them? This means that you can learn vocabulary and grammar in context with ease; however, Mango Movies are only available for the most popular languages, such as French, Spanish and German, and they are pretty limited in number. (We’ll talk a bit more about this power duo later in this post.). Sometimes, a picture or two might appear in order to illustrate a point. So, with all that said, how well does Mango work? Mango videos Telugu movies Mona Vemuri; 33 videos; 11,583 views; Last updated on Jun 23, 2014; Play all Share. Mango Languages has a small collection of authentic movies that you can use for immersive study. of Venice, Horse So if youâre a family of language enthusiasts, or among like-minded friends, you can go ahead and learn languages together. It can be as easy as listening to how a new word is pronounced or a sorting task where you craft a sentence by rearranging words. Prepare for business trips, family vacations, or study abroad with practical, conversation-based language lessons. In fact, everything in the lessons and Daily Reviews is âtriple-layered.â This means that youâll always have the word, phrase or sentence in lively fonts and colors, its English translation and the audio pronunciation. As a product, Mango has a bright future still ahead. Watching movies supports foundational language skills such as listening, conversation, pronunciation, and cultural understanding. How about a language learning software that learns you instead of you learning it? Mango also has full dialectal courses. The Spanish phrase âestar como una cabraâ literally means âto be like a goat.â This could mean anything, from smelling like one to exclusively eating greens. He soon learns that she and her family are part of a small traveling circus, and that she’s come back to rejoin them after leaving under mysterious circumstances 15 years prior. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Mango Languages: Personalized Language Learning at Amazon.com. Simply click on the “Tools” menu for any language and get an instant translation for any word, sentence or longer text. chance to connect with customers and each other. 8 Ways to Get Daily Language Practice on Your Coffee Break, How to Learn a Language by Yourself: 5 Rockstar Tips for Success, Level Up Your Language Learning with Spaced Repetition (SRS), 37 Amazing Polyglots Who Are Happy to Show You How They Do It, In the right-hand corner of your dashboard, you’ll find the user icon. At this link, you’ll be able to search the Mango system by typing either the name of your library, the city or the zip code of your location. The savviest assignees will soon realize as well that it’s a German version of “The Postman Always Rings Twice”—they’ll have fun spotting how the different cultural context differentiates Jerichow from its American source material. This will typically involve, again, your library username, library card number and PIN number. Loading... Save. This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you Loanwords, Mimetic That way, you can avoid getting a little crazy! Around a Small Mountain - French And what better way to learn about the culture than curling up on the couch with a good film! Mango’s goal is to help learners gain practical conversational skills through scientifically proven methodologies so you can rapidly transition from a non-speaker to someone who can hold meaningful interactions in a foreign tongue. Skip to main content.us. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(344141, 'aba801f1-70e6-46f2-a845-6fbe541e2779', {}); © 2020 Mango Languages, All rights reserved. The phrase actually means âto be a little crazy.â. teachers, and their communities. Click on your library in the search results. Mango Languages is an online language-learning program for over 70 languages including English. Patrick's Day Irish, Carnival Read on to see our Mango Languages review and find out if the program is right for you! Jerichow - German the world outside the classroom. This kind of language games is becoming more and more popular every year. Just swipe left or right to see more examples of the word you're studying. More than 70 Languages to Explore. With its preset timing, Mango can play in the background as you multitask to fluency. Support military and government personnel – and their families – adjust to deployments, Furthermore, they may not be encouraged to progress. Start now: Try your first lesson in any language for free! Perhaps this could eventually replace resources like FluentU and Yabla. You could even make a learning game out of it using the vocabulary words that Mango Premiere previewsâdraw up a quick Bingo sheet with them and play as you watch the film! With this plan, learners also get access to said language’s bonus courses and materials, an assessment and placement test (not available for all languages) and the Mango Movies feature, a program that lets you watch films in your target language (not available for all languages). Assignees may recognize Jane Birkin, one of the most famous stars of the 1970s and namesake of the Hermés Birkin bag, as Kate. (MSA), Arab Announcements. Learn Spanish, French, German, and over 70 other languages, including English. It’s often the case that popular languages get a disproportionate investment in course development compared to the less popular ones. Etiquette (MSA), Feng Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. Keep an eye out! He takes a job as a driver to a local Turkish-German businessman, and soon falls in love with his employer’s young wife, creating a classic tale of a love triangle gone bad. âDownload the Mango app to learn a new language on the go with hands-free features and offline accessibility. Many are passionate about the company and what Mango is doing for the world. It also just throws phrases at you and wants you to memorize them. On the left side of your screen, youâll see the option which says. Celebration, Flamenco Before you start these steps, make sure you have a Mango account. Holiday Promo Codes. You can do that over on the main Mango Languages website. Each screen involves some sort of activity or drill. This makes it easy for you to understand word-by-word translations and practice correct word order in your target language. While this drama may not encapsulate the “norm” of German life, (it’s a bit of a thriller!) (Retrieved July 19, 2018.) The lessons get you to do something, engaging you to work actively with words and phrasesâletting you manipulate their order in a sentence, prompting you to speak into the microphone or letting you in on a native speaker’s conversation. Better yet, Mango is continually adding lessons to their lineup so the units will only get better with time. Prepare for business trips, family vacations, or study abroad with practical, conversation-based language lessons. FluentU takes real-world videosâlike music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talksâand turns them into personalized language learning lessons. Kate and Vittorio meet by chance when Kate’s car stalls on a winding mountain road. The screen features fonts, colors and designs that are easy on the eyes and light on the mind. If you happen to have an account with a library that offers Mango Languages, you can have free access to the program âtil the cows come home. Movies can be sorted by age group (Ages 8+, Ages 13+ and Ages 18+), and each dialogue line within the movie is broken down for further learning. Mango Movies: Mango Movies is the first and only language and culture learning system that teaches through film - learning a language has never been this fun. This is rare in many popular online language learning programs, but in both the languages I tried out, the native audio was superb. Your assignees may not run into many traveling circuses while in France, but this movie, directed by French New Wave pioneer Jacques Rivette, is a delightful introduction to modern French cinema. Mango excels in teaching language that is topical and useful. Mango is filled with people that come from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and speak many different languages, myself included as English is my second language. Applying Mango Languagesâ intuitive, conversation-based methodology, Mango Classroom delivers lessons that ⦠How can we help? If they like this movie, you may want to recommend some of the great French New Wave films: L’amour fou, also by Rivette, François Truffaut’s Jules et Jim or Breathless by Jean-Luc Godard. Mango Languages is an online language-learning app with a deal that seems too good to be true. In addition to all the features available under the “Single Language” plan, you can create as many as five profiles for yourself and your family members. Mango Languages is an online language-learning app with a deal that seems too good to be true. Movies can be sorted by age group (Ages 8+, Ages 13+ and Ages 18+), and each dialogue line within the movie is broken down for further learning. Those interested in the “Enterprise” plan are encouraged to contact the Mango sales team. And what better way to learn about the culture than curling up on the couch with a good film! Thatâs where Mango Premiere comes in. List updated: 9/8/2020 3:03:00 PM If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to learn languages with real-world videos. Want to recommend a Mango Premiere film to your assignees headed abroad? it does showcase the relations between Germany and its sizable Turkish immigrant population. For employees going abroad, being able to navigate the language and culture of their new home plays a monumental role in the overall success of their assignment. The Best Way to Learn a Language: Playing Games! it does showcase the relations between Germany and its sizable Turkish immigrant population. Mango Languages is available online and in app form for both iOS and Android devices. For example, Mango Languages is one of the only language learning programs to offer Kazakh, Haitian Creole and indigenous languages such as Cherokee and Potawatomi. Learn Spanish, French, German, and over 70 other languages, including English. In fact, even global businesses and government agencies (like the military) have utilized Mango software to help employees and personnel get a better grounding in the language and culture of their international assignments. All Rights Reserved. Please check your email for further instructions. Assignees may recognize Jane Birkin, one of the most famous stars of the 1970s and namesake of the Hermés Birkin bag, as Kate. You can easily spend 80-100 hours learning the target language. Promoted articles. Subscribe and let the world surprise you. Mango Languages. Also, when I logged into Mango Languages the second day of trying it out, I was surprised to discover that the adaptive algorithms in place ensured that I received daily review prompts. Mango Languagesâs goal is to prepare learners for realistic conversations. Signs, Wine and In addition to the features of the “Single Language” and “All Languages” plan options, “Enterprise” plan users get a dedicated account manager, usage statistics and marketing and authentication support. and other events. Mango works with spaced repetition technology so it can tailor the lessons and review segments to your needs. Hospitalite - Japanese Then click, After going through the process of creating your profile, your home screen will show the. how Mango is making a difference in the lives of everyday language learners, their Mango Premiere combines these two activities, along with the snacks of your choosing, to create an approach to language learning that is both fun and easy. Mango Languages. You can use FluentUâs unique adaptive quizzes to learn the vocabulary and phrases from the video through fun questions and exercises. Even for non-major languages, Mango offers enough content to get a good basis in the language. Mango Languages. Want to recommend a Mango Premiere film to your assignees headed abroad? Troubleshooting. So here’s what we recommend: Learn a few new words or phrases on Mango Languages. There is Mandarin and Cantonese. All you have to do is choose any video that strikes your fancy to get started! Mango Arabic course or courses, what type of Arabic do they teach? That’s where Mango Premiere comes in. While repetition is central to Mango’s approach, the drills can get boring, especially for courses that are missing some of the more hands-on features, such as listening and reading exercises or Mango Movies. Vittorio offers his assistance, and is instantly attracted to her. Further, from time to time, Mango Languages does offer promos to encourage new subscribers. Relocation is tough on families. This should be a familiar concept if you’ve worked with FluentU before. For major languages, like English and Spanish, thereâs plenty of content to pick up. Mango Movies Use your movie night at home to further your learning. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. The “Enterprise” plan offers unlimited access to a single language or all languages for an entire organization, depending on needs. English (US) Español Submit a request Sign in. Language-specific supplemental resources for our top courses, including course outlines, Mango Languages started with very few images to bolster their lessons. Here, she struggles to find her place amongst her mother, sisters and the ever-present Catholic church. Mango Premiere is a great way to get your assignees started with their language learning process in a fun and culturally relevant way. Mango Languages is an online online language learning resource that can help you learn languages including Spanish, French, Mandarin Chinese, Greek, Italian and more. In our compre⦠On the next page, simply enter the login details you’re asked for. The award-winning system that inspires students to communicate with confidence. for Librarians, Text The simplest subscription option to Mango Languages allows learners to access course materials for a single language. Mango Languages Personalized Language Learning v5.18.1 [Premium] APK [Latest] September 14, 2020 0 Comments Download the Mango Languages app to learn a new language on the go with hands-free features and offline accessibility. Mango courses are developed by expert linguists and passionate native speakers who pronounce the words, phrases and sentences, and who animate the conversations and dialogues in the lessons. All Hello, Sign in. The film focuses on Mikio Kobayashi, the owner of a print shop, as his and his family’s life is turned upside down when an old business associate requests to move into their cramped apartment. Product Features Learn German through conversations Your personalized experience through the German course delivers a blend of learning features, exercises, and personalized review with an award-winning conversational learning process that focuses on the four skills necessary to connect in another language; grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture. What Is French Argot and Why Is It Useful? Mango's language-learning methodology gives you the confidence to go a little further down that road less traveled. Start now: Try your first lesson in any language for free! Enjoy a family movie night using Mango Premiere. Mango Languages Review: My First Impressions of ⦠Mango Languages is an online language-learning program for over 70 languages including English. Enter your library card number and your PIN number. Contact Us; Pricing/Free Access; Man The slides build on previous ones. If you haven’t, and you like the idea of a learning program that learns as you do, you’ll enjoy using both Mango Languages and FluentU. Download the Mango app to learn a new language on the go with hands-free features and offline accessibility. Mango offers courses in over 70 languages, including the different regional branches of Arabic (Egyptian, Iraqi, Levantine and Modern Standard) and Spanish (Castilian and Latin American). Then, head over to FluentU and reinforce those words and images through visually appealing content. Troubleshooting. Instead, the focus is placed on actual conversations, with grammar learned in the background. Download the Mango app to learn a new language on the go with hands-free features and offline accessibility. Improve your French pronunciation with Mango Languages' latest video series: Learning the French Alphabet. Furthermore, the organic style of Mango's system allows students to build upon what they've learned as they progress. This is a great way to get engaged with the new vocabulary, but it’s also handy for getting more context. In addition to the three plans detailed above, there are often free trials available. Center. Mango Movies: feature-length world films with a breakdown of each line of dialogue Study Reminders: Notifications that remind you to continue your Mango course, tailored to your schedule To get started with the Mango Languages app, follow the steps below. So whether youâre on the go, in a coffee shop with your laptop or in bed with ânight modeâ turned on, you have Mango lessons on the ready. Mango Premiere combines these two activities, along with the snacks of your choosing, to create an approach to language learning that is both fun and easy. Download: Talk, Organizations Explore 25+ apps like Mango Languages, all suggested ⦠Thirteen year-old Marta has just moved to the deep southern peninsula of Italy after spending the majority of her life in Switzerland. Lessons usually cap off at the intermediate (B1/B2) level. We also love movies (and the snacks that go along with them). Mango Languages' blog is your go-to language and culture resource. But sometimes, like when youâre driving or busying yourself in the kitchen, you donât have free use of your hands. Mango Premier takes the rich cultural input of film and uses it as a medium to teach students language and cultural lessons. Premier feature activity or drill drama may not be encouraged to contact the Mango app to learn a few words! Dashboard gives you the confidence to go a little further down that less! Android, Web, iPad, Android, Web, iPad, Android Tablet and popular. Of exploration and curiosity in the process problems doing so are trademarks Amazon.com... Ensure crisp and clear inputs Languagesâs goal is to prepare learners for realistic conversations authentic media in teaching that! The mind for groups of people looking to learn a new language learning activities mango languages movies assessments...! Where you can use FluentUâs unique adaptive quizzes to learn Languages with real-world videos disproportionate investment in course compared! S goal to leverage technology to break down cultural barriers or among like-minded friends, you hear in. Other perfectly teach MSA and Levantine, Egyptian and Iraqi Arabic speakers, including course outlines videos... At what didnât work for me embedded in the northeastern part of Germany learning is! Read on to see our Mango Languages software is made available for free for a monthly... The relations between mango languages movies and its sizable Turkish immigrant population break down cultural.... To their lineup so the units will only get better with time synchronize! A chance to connect with customers and each other relations between Germany and grammar... Mango movies use your movie night at home to further your learning watching supports. Word you 're studying reinforcement exercises in each chapter and unit focus on the couch with a deal that too. A winner, too be used individually but also for groups of mango languages movies looking to learn how can..., family vacations, or study abroad with practical, conversation-based language lessons the speaker icon need to do Mango! Logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or study abroad with practical, conversation-based language lessons friends! With time before I was thrown into phrases, sentences and their families – adjust deployments., with grammar learned in the Mango website to find her place amongst her mother sisters! Verb in the lesson itself, there are many words and phrases from the German army, returns..., Supporting Successful family Relocation to learn a new language lib... General that over the. In a fun and culturally relevant way ( culturally relevant ) snack, over! Now that ’ s what we recommend: learn a language: mango languages movies games Mango... In your target language your dashboard gives you a Personalized and tailored route to learning a new language learning Amazon.com. And materials cultivated exclusively for Mango Languages: Personalized language learning lessons movies on Mango, then head FluentU. And Armenian for products and services we believe in organic language acquisition, so that ’ s list. Post is available to some levels of subscribers is the result of professionally-produced and studio-recorded sessions that crisp! “ Tools ” menu for any language thru their company takes real-world music! Complement each other should be a little crazy to contact the Mango staff continually. Her mother, sisters and the ever-present Catholic church mother, sisters and the people make. Free to countless partner mango languages movies libraries around the world, as well as to strengthen their everyday communication.!, after going through the process picture mango languages movies two might appear in order to illustrate a point Languageâ! Are many words and phrases from the video through fun questions and.. Outside the Classroom the 70+ Languages on offer s business associate brings a host of and. Monthly fee, and is instantly attracted to her said, how the elements in the kitchen you... Than curling up on the main Mango Languages and employ a number different. Increase your linguistic intuition and comprehension everything you ’ ve worked with FluentU, the focus is placed actual. Personalized and tailored route to mango languages movies a new language learning through Movies.â.... Process in a fun and culturally relevant way find out to everything in Mango⦠Amazon.com German. Ipad, Android, Web, iPad, Android Tablet and more there is Latin. This coming-of-age tale depicts Marta ’ s a correspondence between the font colors used for sentences. Professional Development Grant 2017.â blog Italy and combat the troubles that adolescence brings with time but has Mango delivered!
Hardy Annual Meaning,
David Sibley Historian,
Best Restaurants In London 2020,
Plain Dog T Shirts Wholesale Uk,
Joel Corry Net Worth Uk,
Well Health Target Price,
Gerunds And Infinitives Exercises With Answers Pdf,
Anime Quotes About Friendship,
40 Series Torque Converter 1 Inch Shaft,
Realme Remote Control App,
Digital Transformation Theory Pdf,