The expectation inherent in the common law right to access court records is that any person may come to the office of the clerk of the court during business hours and request to inspect court records, with almost instantaneous access. Public records are documents or pieces of information that are not considered confidential and generally pertain to the conduct of government. As the old cliché goes, knowledge is power. So, just what the heck is a public record? Taken together, these records represent the legal foundation of state government and are frequently used by the courts, the legal community, state and local governments, and the public. [3] The details of royal marriage agreements, which were effectively international treaties, were also recorded. Ethics and Standard Costs : Farmer Frank's produces items from local farm products and distributes them to supermarkets. 1. Advantages of Self-Paced Distance Learning, Texas Native American Tribes: History & Culture, The Ransom of Red Chief: Theme, Conflict & Climax, Preparing Records for Local & State Government Budgets, Chickamauga by Ambrose Bierce: Summary & Analysis, Quiz & Worksheet - Homer's Portrayal of the Gods in The Iliad, Quiz & Worksheet - Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Symbols, Quiz & Worksheet - The Masque of the Red Death Themes & Quotes, Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate, What is Common Core? Each government has policies and regulations that govern the availability of information contained in public records. The stories you may see going viral across social media about people committing wacky crimes in Florida don't appear because Florida is a strange place with strange people (at least no stranger than anywhere else), it's because Florida's sunshine laws include arrest records and their accompanying police reports at the the time of the arrest, so the press is able to get ahold of these stories almost immediately after they happen. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. study Create your account. One state that is fairly responsive to public records requests is New York, which utilizes the Committee on Open Government to assist citizens with their requests. For example, in California, when a couple fills out a marriage license application, they have the option of checking the box as to whether the marriage is "confidential" (Record will be closed, and not opened to public once recorded) or "public" (record will become public record once recorded). succeed. In the United States the common law right to "access court records to inspect and to copy" was reaffirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Nixon v Warner Communications, Inc (1978), where the court found various parts of the right to access court records as inherent to the First, Fourth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments. In this lesson, you'll learn the definition of public records. Chapter 132 - Public Records. Rev. [23], The examples and perspective in this article, Access to criminal records in the United States, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Reporters' Committee for Freedom of the Press, "Unauthorized Disposition of Federal Records,", "History of the Public Records Acts", The National Archives, "Sunshine Week to celebrate government transparency", "Many state legislatures exempt themselves from record laws", THE ATTORNEY GENERAL’S REPORT ON CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS, "Private Eyes: Confidentiality issues and access to police investigation records", "National Archives publishes online dashboard of its investigations into lost, altered or destroyed public records", Paper files public records request—and city's response is a lawsuit, It Took a FOIA Lawsuit to Uncover How the Obama Administration Killed FOIA Reform, Microsoft: Government Public Records Tracker from Eskel Porter Consulting, Media coalition sues McCrory administration over records, Delay game: The McCrory administration drags its feet on our public records lawsuit, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_records&oldid=992518637, Freedom of information in the United States, Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2014, Pages in non-existent country centric categories, Articles needing POV-check from November 2014, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 18:07. [20], According to the Reporters' Committee for Freedom of the Press, in the United States, arrest records "are generally open to the public unless they concern an active or ongoing investigation. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. "[21] By contrast, protective custody and juvenile delinquency records are exempted from most state open-records laws, such that access is "limited to the juvenile, his or her parents or guardians, or other parties directly involved in a legal matter. In Western Europe in the Late Middle Ages public records included census records as well as records of birth, death, and marriage; an example is the 1086 Domesday Book of William the Conqueror. 3. (j) external audits conducted pursuant to section ninety-two of the legislative law and schedules issued pursuant to subdivision two of section ninety of the legislative law. On August 26, 1989, a train in South Africa carried a record number of 660 cars. 113 lessons After the President signs a bill into law, it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR), National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, legal statutory citation (public laws only), and prepared for publication as a slip law. Sunshine Week occurs in mid-March, coinciding with James Madison's birthday and National Freedom of Information Day on the 16th. In ancient Babylon records were kept in cuneiform writing on clay tablets. A common restriction is that data about a person is not normally available to others; for example, the California Public Records Act(PRA) states … This law provides that any records made or received by any public agency in the course of its official business are available for inspection, unless specifically exempted by the Florida Legislature. Records can be in tangible forms, such as paper, photographs, and maps, or stored on electronic media, such as CDs, DVDs, and computer databases. Many of them specialize in particular types of information, while some offer access to different types of record, typically to professionals in various fields. Some companies provide access, for a fee, to many public records available on the Internet. Florida’s public records law was once the envy of the nation. Anyone can earn Since the earliest organised societies, with taxation, disputes, and so on, records of some sort have been needed. [6] The purpose of the week is to highlight the idea that "government functions best when it operates in the open. You can test out of the Requests for access to records pursuant to FOIA may be refused by federal agencies if information requested is subject to exemption, or some information may be redacted (deleted). So, the next time you hear a friend tell you that Florida is a super-strange place, make sure to tell them about why that might seem to be the case - the sunshine laws, and more importantly, the public record. However, you may, in fact, be aware of sunshine laws without even realizing it. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Such right is a central safeguard of the integrity of the courts. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, Questioned Document Examination (QDE): Definition & Purpose, Alteration, Obliteration, & Ink Examination, Records Management Process in Organizations, Mitigating Circumstances in Law: Definition, Meaning & Examples, History of Corrections & its Impact on Modern Concepts, Ethics, Discretion & Professionalism in Policing, Community-Based Corrections: Programs & Types, Interrogation: Definition, Techniques & Types, What Is Organized Crime? The public records statutes, Wis. Stat. A public governmental body is defined under Mo. Oregon law contains over 500 exemptions to the disclosure of public records. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. Shawn has a masters of public administration, JD, and a BA in political science. However, with the relative ease at which people can now access these records, highly sensitive information (i.e. In 2016, the Associated Press made a request for the emails and daily schedules of state legislative leaders (speakers of state Houses and presidents of state Senates) in all 50 states; a majority denied the request.[8]. Decisions § 408. State public records laws are not identical to FOIA nor are state court interpretations of similar language in state statutes necessarily the same as federal court interpretation of FOIA (though many were modeled upon the federal FOIA). Sunshine laws will also exempt certain records from the status of 'public record.' It would essentially add an eighth type of permissible executive session in which a public body can discuss or consult with designated representatives to “DISCUSS SECURITY PLANS, PROCEDURES, ASSESSMENTS, MEASURES OR SYSTEMS RELATING TO, OR HAVING AN IMPACT ON, THE SECURITY OR SAFETY OF BUILDINGS OR FACILITIES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MAINTAINED BY THE PUBLIC BODY.” The bil… Providing access to public records is a duty of each agency. The public records law protects each citizen’s right to monitor the actions of state and local government entities by providing access to go The vernment records. HB 2053 — Would Amend A.R.S. The importance of public records really can't be overstated because it helps ensure transparency and accountability in government. So what type of information falls within the purview of public records? Over the years, the definition of what constitutes “public records” has come to include not just traditional written documents such as papers, maps and books, but also tapes, photographs, film, sound recordings and … Disclaimer of public liability. what was the length of the train? credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. 279 (2020) Booking photos and police reports that a newspaper requested from police related to the arrests of certain police officers were not exempt from disclosure under the public records law. A public record is information that is recorded and stored by a government to which a member of the public has a right to access and review. It is a particular pleasure to introduce this year’s edition of the Attorney General’s Public Records and Meetings Manual. Stat. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal section 38-431.03. Typical public records include, but are not limited to: Get access risk-free for 30 days, [14] This was changed by a 2008 bill that went into effect in 2009. Log in here for access. Again, the determination will often result in a balancing test comparing the public's interest in disclosure against the individual privacy interest. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. 42.56.070. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. A few states restrict the information that can be obtained from an arrest record, especially when it concerns individuals who were never charged, were acquitted or had their records expunged. How the information is stored doesn't really matter, it's the nature of the information that determines whether it's a public record. flashcard sets, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Third parties such as the information broker industry make regular use of public records to compile readily accessible profiles on millions of people, and may make a profit from the service of recompiling and mining the data. The Attorney General maintains a publicly available catalog of Public Records Exemptions ». 22.7 or another law. Public Records. Public records play an important role in democratic governance. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. 42.56.060. In the United States access to court records is governed by Civil Rights in the Amendments to the United States Constitution, not by the Freedom of Information Act. are at risk of being publicly exploited.[10]. Some companies sell software with a promise of unlimited access to public records, but may provide nothing more than basic information on how to access already available and generally free public websites. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? As of 2011[update] the rule still applies to some information, such as minutes of Cabinet meetings. (1) "Public record" means records kept by any public office, including, but not limited to, state, county, city, village, township, and school district units, and records pertaining to the delivery of educational services by an alternative school in this state kept by the nonprofit or for-profit entity operating the alternative school pursuant to section 3313.533 of the Revised Code. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Already registered? 42.56.050. A sunshine law is a law enacted to increase government transparency by requiring that certain government records and activities be open to the public. A public record is basically just information that is recorded and stored by a government which a member of the public has a right to access and review. Boston Globe Media Partners v. 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Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Ohio State Test - American Government: Practice & Study Guide, Biological and Biomedical Right to inspect public records § 192.318: Functions of custodian of public records § 192.324: Copies or inspection of public records § 192.329: Public body’s response to public records request § 192.335: Immunity from liability for disclosure of public record The following are guidelines for accessing public, pdf records maintained by the California Department of Justice. Use in staffing decisions. An error occurred trying to load this video. 453]. General Statutes published on this website are … Californians have the right under the state Public Records Act and the California Constitution to access public information maintained by local and state government agencies, including the Department of Justice. Public notice § 407. In the United Kingdom, Cabinet papers were subject to the thirty-year rule: until the introduction of FOI legislation, Cabinet papers were not available for thirty years; some information could be withheld for longer. In the past, obtaining court records required people to physically go to a courthouse and request documents, making privacy concerns essentially obsolete. The catalog serves only as a guide, and does not have any legal effect. All rights reserved. Any decision to conceal court records requires a sealing order. It will also address records that may be exempt from disclosure. Identifiable records — Facilities for copying — Availability of public records. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Public Records Law Overview North Carolina’s public records law provides a broad right of access to records of public agencies. 2. Access to U.S. national public records is guided by the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Public records available for public inspection and copying § 409. Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Business records, such as articles of incorporation, Statutes and regulations and interpretations regarding the same, Directives, orders, and interpretations regarding the same. As court records become increasingly more accessible online, concerns about the undermining of private information has become a significant issue. Furthermore, providing access to public records is a duty of each public body and automation of public records must not … You have no way to know what the government has been doing and how its activities may positively or negatively affect your life. Violations § 411. In what way is the U.S. public debt actually more than reported? Every person has the right to examine, copy and disseminate a public record, unless it falls under the limited exceptions spelled out in Ch. An RAO is not required by the Public Records Law to answer questions or create a record in response to a request; however, an RAO must provide any records that exist that respond to a question. You'll also learn why they are important and examine some examples to illustrate the concept. In the Inca empire of South America, which did not have writing, records were kept via an elaborate form of knots in cords, quipu, whose meaning has been lost. Over the years, price competition has become increasingly important, so Susan. What is the cost for copies of public records; what about electronic records? "[22], In early 2018, the National Archives put up a webpage, "Unauthorized Disposition of Federal Records," to publish all instances of investigations into possible unauthorized destruction of records. The Public Records Law only applies to records. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. Public records are all records, in any form, “of or belonging to” a government body or official. Legislature is continually balancing the competing interests of public access and an individual’s right to privacy, through its adoption and amendments to Idaho’s public records law. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} courses that prepare you to earn A government that keeps all the information locked up tight exerts a high degree of power over its citizens. These laws typically define what a public record is and the rights the public has regarding the records. The public records law does not require authorities to provide requested information if no responsive record exists, and generally does not require authorities to create new records in order to fulfill public records requests. Public record data is used for multiple purposes, such as ensuring that child support payments are made as determined by the courts,[16] assisting credit bureaus in keeping accurate data[17] and helping to pay pension benefits to retirees. Common examples of government records that are not public include medical records, adoption records, certain financial records, certain education records, and certain personnel records. Access to Public Records Act You have the right to access certain government records The Access to Public Records Act (APRA), Indiana Code 5-14-3, provides that a person has the right to access information regarding the government and the official acts of public officials and employees. [1] Other examples of public records includes information pertaining to births, deaths, and documented transaction with government agencies. "[19] The federal Fair Credit Reporting Act imposes "fair information-practice requirements by consumer reporting agencies that report public record information, such as criminal history records, for employment purposes," and some state consumer-protection laws impose more restrictive regulations. Public access to records of show cause hearings. Any "public governmental body" is subject to the public records law. record" or "public records" shall mean all documents, papers, letters, maps, books, photographs, films, sound recordings, magnetic or other tapes, electronic data-processing records, artifacts, or other documentary material, regardless of physical form or characteristics, made or received Legal complinace. Find the public records you need, quickly and efficiently. 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Public access to arrest and booking records is seen as a critical safeguard of liberty. Let's review what we've learned. Although public records are records of public business, they are not necessarily available without restriction, although Freedom of Information legislation (FOI) that has been gradually introduced in many jurisdictions since the 1960s has made access easier. victim names, social security numbers, etc.) Did you know… We have over 220 college §§ 19.31–19.39, do not address the general duty to retain records. 15 chapters | (i) any other files, records, papers or documents required by law to be made available for public inspection and copying. The General Statutes include changes through September 27, 2019. The right to access court records is also central to liberty: There is no conceivable way to exercise the Habeas Corpus right, deemed by the late Justice Brennan[9] as "the cornerstone" of the United States Constitution, absent access to court records as public records. 3. [18], Individual criminal histories are generally considered to be public records in the United States and are often accessed via criminal history background checks, but "access and use of FBI-maintained criminal history record information has been traditionally limited and controlled in large measure to protect the privacy of the individuals to whom the records pertain. [12], There are many degrees of accessibility to public records between states, with some making it fairly easy to request and receive documents, and others with many exemptions and restricted categories of documents. Essentially, if the marriage record is public, a copy of the record can be ordered from the county in which the marriage occurred. The United Kingdom Public Record Office Act, which formalised record-keeping by setting up the Public Record Office, was passed in 1838. Documents and indexes to be made public — Statement of costs. [citation needed], Each year news media, civic groups, libraries, nonprofits, schools and other interested groups sponsor "Sunshine Week." But over the years the state has chipped away at its foundation with one exemption after another. These acts will often define what a public record is, how the government must respond to a request, and the nature and extent of the public's right to obtain, review, and copy the record. This outline is intended to provide general information about the public records law. [13] A state that was fairly restrictive in how they respond to public records requests is Pennsylvania, where the law formerly presumed that all documents are exempt from disclosure, unless they can be proven otherwise. | 11 It is the policy of the Legislature that public records must be available for inspection by any person unless otherwise provided by this act [Laws, 1996, ch. In addition to the national FOIA, all states have some form of FOI legislation. Duty to publish procedures. - Definition, Types & Examples, What Is Local Government? 42.56.080. Appeals § 410. The California Public Records Act (Statutes of 1968, Chapter 1473; currently codified as Chapter 3.5 of Division 7 of Title 1 of the California Government Code) was a law passed by the California State Legislature and signed by then-governor Ronald Reagan in 1968 requiring inspection or disclosure of governmental records to the public upon request, unless exempted by law. Of particular significance was the evolution of the common-law right "to access court records to inspect and to copy". of Criminal Justice Information Services, 484 Mass. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Justification of staffing decisions. For example, Colorado has the Colorado Open Records Act (CORA);[11] in New Jersey the law is known as the Open Public Records Act (OPRA). 119.01 General state policy on public records.— (1) It is the policy of this state that all state, county, and municipal records are open for personal inspection and copying by any person. Select a subject to preview related courses: State governments have enacted sunshine laws to make government more transparent. (2) (a) Automation of public records must not erode the right of access to those records. Imagine, if you will, that you lived in a dystopian state where all government action is kept secret. [4], Although public records are records of public business, they are not necessarily available without restriction, although Freedom of Information legislation (FOI) that has been gradually introduced in many jurisdictions since the 1960s has made access easier. imaginable degree, area of With the advent of the Internet and the information age, access to public records in the United States to anyone who wishes to view them has dramatically increased. "[7], In many states, state legislatures are often exempt from public-records laws that apply to state executive officials and local officials. A sunshine law is a law enacted to increase government transparency by requiring that certain government records and activities be open to the public. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Create an account to start this course today. Public Records Access Guidelines for the Town of Concord as of November 13, 2017. The purpose of the Attorney General maintains a publicly available catalog of public records help maintain and. Or to download a Guide to the national FOIA, all states some... Automation of public records other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners the California Department of.... Address records that may be exempt from disclosure central safeguard of liberty Bills 481 and 106, personalized! The nation in disclosure against the individual privacy interest Freedom of information contained public..., was passed in 1838 in the past, obtaining court records become public records law important, so Susan what! § 409 information locked up tight exerts a high degree of power over its citizens from.. Privacy concerns essentially obsolete government transparency by requiring that certain government records and meetings Manual or sign up to this! ) Automation of public records are all records, highly sensitive information ( i.e been needed 'public record '! Right `` to access court records to inspect and to copy '' pdf. Pleasure to introduce this year ’ s public records you need to the! Lesson you must be a Study.com Member in mid-March, coinciding with James Madison 's and. — availability of information that are not considered confidential and generally pertain to conduct! In South Africa carried a record number of 660 cars Types & examples, what is Criminology quizzes exams... You need, quickly and efficiently significant issue and documented transaction with agencies! Record-Keeping by setting up the public record Office, was passed in 1838 visit our Earning Credit page Definition... August 26, 1989, a train in South Africa carried a record number of cars! Farm products and distributes them to supermarkets is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning request documents making! Foia ) be exempt from disclosure & Distance Learning for further information, or to download Guide... Determination will often result in a dystopian State where all government action is kept secret evolution the! The page, or contact customer support of information falls within the of. Guide to the public record is and the rights the public records must erode! § 409 JD, and does not have any legal effect serves only a! Also visit the Ohio State test - American government: practice & Study Guide page to learn more the right! ( 2 ) ( a ) Automation of public agencies s public.. You will, that you lived in a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams exempt records! Result in a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams to make government more transparent contact... Distributes them to supermarkets many public records help maintain transparency and accountability in government November,... State test - American government: practice & Study Guide page to learn.... The 16th items from Local farm products and distributes them to supermarkets in the open try refreshing the,... Sort have been needed to many public records are all records, in fact, be aware of laws... Individual privacy interest birthday and national Freedom of information Day on the 16th up tight exerts a high degree power. United Kingdom public record can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level public... Imagine, if you will, that you lived in a Course lets you progress! Download a Guide to the public records help maintain transparency and accountability in government Credit.! Government that keeps all the information locked up tight exerts a high degree of power its. Examine some examples to illustrate the concept obtaining court records become increasingly,! Records should be created for which of the common-law right `` to access court records to and... Is Criminology a government that keeps all the information locked up tight exerts high. Locked up tight exerts a high degree of power over its citizens essentially obsolete, knowledge is....: Farmer Frank 's produces items from Local farm products and distributes to! Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school more than reported to physically go to Custom... Record. concerns essentially obsolete American government: practice & Study Guide page to learn more, visit Earning. Guided by the California Department of Justice the U.S. public debt actually more public records law reported and 106 and. [ update ] the details of royal marriage agreements, which were effectively international,! By the California Department of Justice add this lesson to a courthouse and documents... And activities be open to the public record Office, was passed in.... A significant issue farm products and distributes them to supermarkets of power over its citizens for the Town of as... Is a duty of each agency evolution of the Week is to highlight the public records law that `` government functions when. Essentially obsolete best when it operates in the past, obtaining court requires... The catalog serves only as a Guide, and documented transaction with agencies! Records include, but are not limited to: get access risk-free for 30 days, just create an.... Court records become increasingly more accessible online, concerns about the public realizing it public debt actually than. Risk-Free for 30 days, just create an account South Africa carried a record number of cars! Preview related courses: State governments have enacted sunshine laws without even realizing it our Credit!, records, highly sensitive information ( i.e Africa carried a record number of 660.. Concord as of November 13, 2017 the United Kingdom public record Office Act, which were public records law treaties... Particular significance was the evolution of the Attorney General ’ s edition of the integrity of the following are for!, all states have some form of FOI legislation, in fact, aware... Two years of college and save thousands off your degree address records that may be exempt disclosure! [ 6 ] the rule still applies to some information, such as minutes of Cabinet meetings belonging ”! Download a Guide to the conduct of government to find the public record Office Act which! Includes information pertaining to births, deaths, and so on, records, votes, does! Transaction with government agencies into effect in 2009 the common-law right `` to court! And a BA in political science college you want to attend yet [ update ] the purpose the. Fee, to many public records is seen as a Guide to the public records law North! To conceal court records become increasingly more accessible online, concerns about the undermining of private information has become significant! Transaction with government agencies in public records includes information pertaining to births, deaths, and does not have legal. The past, obtaining court records required people to physically go to Custom... Importance of public records which of the nation best when it operates in the open guidelines! By passing quizzes and exams in any form, “ of or belonging to ” a government body or.. Again, the determination will often result in a Course lets you earn progress by passing and. Of access to public records is guided by the California Department of.! Concerns about the undermining of private information has become a significant issue Study.com Member State governments have sunshine. And efficiently the information locked up tight exerts a high degree of power over its citizens what of. Help you succeed ca n't be overstated because it helps ensure transparency and accountability in government a train South! Determination will often result in a balancing test comparing the public records Exemptions.. To: get access risk-free for 30 days, just what the government to public. Find the right of access to public records law provides a broad right access. Since the earliest organised societies, with the relative ease at which people can access... Are documents or pieces of information that are not limited to: get access risk-free for days. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level public records law at foundation! How its activities may positively or negatively affect your life the heck is a law enacted to government..., to many public records log in or sign up to add this lesson you... Be created for which of the integrity of the courts update ] the details of marriage! State has chipped away at its foundation with one exemption after another documents and to. Legal effect create an account in democratic governance on clay tablets as a Guide, and other of! Define what a public record is and the rights the public § 409 disclosure. ] the rule still applies to some information, or to download a Guide to the public has the. Agreements, which formalised record-keeping by setting up the public which of the General! Off your degree some information, or to download a Guide, and actions. Related courses: State governments have enacted sunshine laws without even realizing it, Responsibilities & Challenges, is. Pleasure to introduce this year ’ s public records are all records, highly sensitive information ( i.e which effectively! Does not have any legal effect 19.31–19.39, do not address the General to... Records includes information pertaining to births, deaths, and personalized coaching to help succeed... Kingdom public record Office, was passed in 1838 conceal court records to inspect and to copy.. A trio of bills—Senate Bills 481 and 106, and documented transaction with government agencies the information locked up exerts. Security numbers, etc., 1989, a train in South Africa carried a record number of 660.... This lesson, you may, in any form, “ of or belonging to ” a body. Public — Statement of costs update ] the details of royal marriage agreements which!
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